Nutrition- and feeding practice-related risk factors for rapid weight gain during the first year of life: a population-b
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Nutrition- and feeding practice-related risk factors for rapid weight gain during the first year of life: a population-based birth cohort study Annelie Lindholm1,2* , Stefan Bergman2,3, Bernt Alm4, Ann Bremander2,5, Jovanna Dahlgren4, Josefine Roswall4,6, Carin Staland-Nyman1 and Gerd Almquist-Tangen4,7
Abstract Background: Rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy increases the risk of excess weight later in life. Nutrition- and feeding practices associated with RWG need to be further examined. The present study aimed to examine nutrition- and feeding practice-related risk factors for RWG during the first year of life. Methods: A population-based longitudinal birth cohort study of 1780 infants, classified as having RWG or non-RWG during 0–3-4, 0–6 and 6–12 months. RWG was defined as a change > 0.67 in weight standard deviation scores. Associations between nutrition- and feeding practice-related factors and RWG were examined with logistic regression models. Results: Of the participating infants, 47% had RWG during 0–3-4 months, 46% during 0–6 months and 8% during 6–12 months. In the fully adjusted models, bottle-feeding at birth and at 3–4 months and nighttime meals containing formula milk were positively associated with RWG during 0–3-4 months (p < 0.05 for all). Breastfeeding at 3–4 months and nighttime meals containing breast milk were negatively associated with RWG during this period (p < 0.001). Bottle-feeding at birth, 3–4 and 6 months and nighttime meals containing formula milk at 3–4 months were positively associated with RWG during 0–6 months (p < 0.01 for all). Breastfeeding at 3–4 and 6 months was negatively associated with RWG (p < 0.01). During 6–12 months, only bottle-feeding at 3–4 months was positively associated with RWG (p < 0.05). Conclusions: RWG was more common during the first 6 months of life and bottle-feeding and formula milk given at night were risk factors for RWG during this period. Keywords: Bottle-feeding, Breastfeeding, Growth, Infant, Milk cereal drink, Nutrition, Obesity, Overweight, Pediatrics, Rapid weight gain
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden 2 Research and Development Center Spenshult, Halmstad, Sweden Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulati
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