On-spot quantitative analysis of dicamba in field waters using a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip with smartphon
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RESEARCH PAPER
On-spot quantitative analysis of dicamba in field waters using a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip with smartphone imaging Meng Qi 1,2 & Jingqian Huo 1 & Zhenfeng Li 2 & Cong He 1 & Dongyang Li 2 & Yuxin Wang 2 & Natalia Vasylieva 2 & Jinlin Zhang 1 & Bruce D. Hammock 2 Received: 9 June 2020 / Revised: 11 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Dicamba herbicide is increasingly used in the world, in particular‚ with the widespread cultivation of genetically modified dicamba-resistant crops. However, the drift problem in the field has caused phytotoxicity against naive, sensitive crops, raising legal concerns. Thus, it is particularly timely to develop a method that can be used for on-the-spot rapid detection of dicamba in the field. In this paper, a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (LFIC) was developed. The quantitative detection can be conducted by an app on a smartphone, named “Color Snap.” The tool reported here provides results in 10 min and can detect dicamba in water with a LOD (detection limit) value of 0.1 mg/L. The developed LFIC shows excellent stability and sensitivity appropriate for field analysis. Our sensor is portable and excellent tool for on-site detection with smartphone imaging for better accuracy and precision of the results. Keywords Dicamba . Smartphone-based sensor . On-site rapid detection
Introduction Dicamba is an efficient, economic, and broadleaf herbicide, commonly used in corn, triticeae crops, and pastures. It is also largely used for weed control in dicamba-resistant (DR) soybean, corn, and DR cotton [1, 2]. Moreover, dicamba has excellent herbicidal effects. According to soybean growers, using dicamba can effectively remove weeds [3]. Since first introduced to the market in 1996, genetically modified (GM) soybeans have been cultivated in leading soybean exporting countries such as the USA, Brazil, and Argentina [4]. Especially in the USA, 94% of Meng Qi and Jingqian Huo contributed equally to this work. * Jinlin Zhang [email protected] * Bruce D. Hammock [email protected] 1
College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
2
Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
the soybean were GM varieties in 2017 [5]. The large-scale cultivation of GM varieties has greatly increased the use of dicamba. However, dicamba may cause injury to neighboring off-target plants by herbicide volatilization [6–8]. According to studies in Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Indiana, and Nebraska, dicamba can volatilize and transferred to non-target areas [9], causing phytotoxicity to some crops that are sensitive to dicamba, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), grape (Vitis spp.), as well as noncultivated vegetation [10–14].
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