Para -phenylenediamine, an oxidative hair dye ingredient, increases thymic stromal lymphopoietin and proinflammatory cyt
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Toxicol Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-020-00041-6
Toxicological Research
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Para‑phenylenediamine, an oxidative hair dye ingredient, increases thymic stromal lymphopoietin and proinflammatory cytokines causing acute dermatitis Jae Kwon Lee1 · Hye Eun Lee1 · Gabsik Yang1 · Kyu‑Bong Kim2 · Seung Jun Kwack3 · Joo Young Lee1 Received: 14 October 2019 / Revised: 4 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 February 2020 © Korean Society of Toxicology 2020
Abstract Due to high consumption of cosmetics in modern society, people are always exposed to the risk of skin damage and complications. Para-phenylenediamine (P-PD), an ingredient of hair dye, has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis. However, the mechanism has not been well elucidated. Here, we identify that P-PD causes dermatitis by increasing thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and inflammatory cytokines. Topical application of P-PD to mouse ear skin in consecutive 5 days resulted in dermatitis symptoms and increased ear thickness. TSLP production in skin was upregulated by P-PD treatment alone. In addition, P-PD-induced TSLP production was potentiated by MC903, which is an in vivo TSLP inducer. P-PD increased TSLP production in keratinocytes (KCMH-1 cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated PAM212 cells). The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and CCL2, was upregulated by P-PD treatment together with MC903. The results show that repeated exposure to P-PD causes acute contact dermatitis mediated by increasing the expression of TSLP and proinflammatory cytokines. Keywords Dermatitis · Cytokines · Cosmetics · Infammation · Immunity · Risk
Introduction People use several kinds of cosmetics for various purpose such as beautifying their appearances, cleansing body and anti-aging. Cosmetics are commonly composed of chemical compounds. Therefore, direct exposure to the skin has the potential to cause skin damage and complications. According to the report in United States, woman uses 12 cosmetics and man uses 6 cosmetics daily on average [1]. These cosmetics include eye shadow, skin cleansers, body lotions, shampoo, lip stick, mascara and hair styling products. Among them, the use of hair dyes has been increasing in recent decades, and the occurrence of contact sensitization to hair dyes has been consistently reported [2]. * Joo Young Lee [email protected] 1
BK21plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
2
College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
3
Department of Bio Health Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
Over two-thirds of hair dyes currently contain paraphenylenediamine (P-PD) [3]. P-PD is an aromatic amine that reacts with hydrogen peroxide to give permanent hair colors. Because of its strong protein-binding capacity and penetrating deeply, P-PD is found in several products such as rubbers, printer ink, and photographic products. The main sources are hair dyes and henna tattoos [4]. Since P-PD provides v
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