Plants and the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. The heart weighs about 300 gin the adult male. It has two small chambers called the atria, which lie above two larger chambers, the ventricles. The heart is composed of three layers: e
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Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Picture Phytotherapy of Congestive Heart Failure Hawthorn
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Angina Clinical Picture Phytotherapy of Angina Gmseng, Danshen
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Hypertension Clinical Picture Phytotherapy of Hyperternsion Garlic Snakeroot. White hellebore Stephania. Ligusticum, Evodia
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Chronic Venous Insufficiency Clinical Picture Phytotherapy of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
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F. Capasso et al., Phytotherapy © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
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Horse chestnut French maritime pine Butcher's broom Gotu kola, Bilberry
Haemorrhoids Clinical Picture Phytotherapy of Haemorrhoids Witch hazel
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Arterial Occlusive Disease Clinical Picture Phytotherapy of Arterial Occlusive Disease Ginkgo
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Further Reading
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Introduction
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. The heart weighs about 300 g in the adult male. It has two small chambers called the atria, which lie above two larger chambers, the ventricles. The heart is composed of three layers: epicardium (exterior), myocardium (middle) and endocardium (inner layer). Heart valves within the heart ensure that blood flows only in one direction, out to the systemic circulation. The vascular system consists of arteries and veins.The artery's layer that lines the lumen and is in contact with the blood is the endothelium. The endothelium releases vasoactive substances (primarily nitric oxide) that help regulate blood flow and blood clotting. Blood pressure in a vessel is generated by the output of the heart and the resistance to flow, which depends on vessel caliber, elasticity, geometry and blood viscosity. Blood pressure is expressed as systolic pressure/diastolic pressure and the normal value is 120/80 mmHg. The relation of the cardiovascular system to cellular homeostasis is that it delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, to the cells of the body, while removing waste products from them. Cardiovascular function must be adaptable to sustain blood flow to the tissues during rest as well exercise. The major cardiovascular diseases, for which botanicals have been used are angina, congestive heart failure, hypertension, cerebral insufficiency, venous insufficiency and arterial occlusive diseases.
Congestive Heart Failure Clinical Picture tCongestive heart failure (CHF) is the most common reason for hospitalisation of people over 65 years of age. CHF consists in a gradual reduction in heart function; as a consequence heart does not supply sufficient oxygenated blood to the organs of the body. In CHF there is a progressive systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction with a spectrum of symptoms depending upon the severity of heart failure (pallor, cyanosis, tachycardia, shortness of breath, edema peripheral/pulmonary, cardiomegaly, arrhythmias, hypertension). 111
Congestive Heart Failure • The New York Heart Association (NYHA) classifies loss of cardiac output as follows: class I: patients with no limitation of ac
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