Psychometric Properties of the 15-Item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a Large Sample of Spanish Pilgrims
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Psychometric Properties of the 15-Item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a Large Sample of Spanish Pilgrims Albert Feliu-Soler 1,2 & Adrián Pérez-Aranda 3 & Juan V. Luciano 1,2 & Marcelo Demarzo 4 & Manu Mariño 5 & Joaquim Soler 6,7 & William Van Gordon 8 & Javier García-Campayo 9,10 & Jesús Montero-Marín 11 Accepted: 3 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives There is burgeoning interest in studying the effectiveness of mindfulness-based and traditional contemplative practices, and brief yet suitably and comprehensive measures of mindfulness are needed to assess related changes. There is preliminary evidence that pilgrimage may share some aspects with contemplative practices. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 15-item Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15) in a large sample of pilgrims and explored the effects of pilgrimage on mindfulness. Methods The FFMQ-15 along with distress and wellbeing measures were administered via online to a large sample of participants undertaking a pilgrimage (i.e., the Way of Saint James) in Spain (baseline: n = 800; pre-post analyses: n = 314). Confirmatory factor analyses were computed to find the best-fitting model of the FFMQ-15; reliability and construct validity analyses were also performed. Results The four-facet bifactor structure (mindfulness plus four specific facets, excluding observing) was the best-fitting model for the FFMQ-15 (CFI = .956; TLI = .931; RMSEA = .058 [.048–.068]; SRMR = .046). Overall, we found satisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s α ranged from .56 to .85) and small to moderate correlations with distress and wellbeing measures. Conclusions The FFMQ-15 showed a four-facet bifactor structure and an overall satisfactory internal consistency and construct validity despite its shortness. We observed that mindfulness can be cultivated by pilgrimage, but further studies including longterm assessments and control groups are warranted before firm conclusions can be drawn. Keywords Five facets mindfulness questionnaire . Pilgrimage . Factor structure . Reliability . Construct validity
During the last three decades, there has been burgeoning interest in studying the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and traditional contemplative practices for promoting health and wellbeing (Goldberg et al. 2018; Khoury et al. 2015, 2017). In this regard, changes in mindfulness-
related variables have typically been observed following mindfulness practice (Quaglia et al. 2016). In order to conduct such research effectively, there is a need to design reliable and valid self-report measures of mindfulness that can evaluate the effects of contemplative practices which are intertwined with
* Juan V. Luciano [email protected]
6
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
7
Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
8
Human Sciences Research Centre, Univer
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