Recent changes in major and trace elements in sediments from a remote mountain lake (6th Triglav Lake) in the Julian Alp
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Recent changes in major and trace elements in sediments from a remote mountain lake (6th Triglav Lake) in the Julian Alps, NW Slovenia Gregor Muri . Milena Horvat . Jozˇe Kotnik . Bosˇtjan Muri . Polona Vrecˇa . Radojko Jac´imovic´
Received: 26 August 2019 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract We collected a sediment core from the 6th (6J) Triglav Lake, a remote mountain lake in NW Slovenia, and analysed it for 25 elements, using k0instrumental neutron activation analysis (k0-INAA). For Hg, we used cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Data were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA indicated several distinct groups of elements and sediment core samples. Ca distribution was entirely different from all other sediment components. Ba, Br, Hg, Sb and Zn
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-020-00149-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. G. Muri (&) B. Muri Slovenian Environment Agency, Vojkova 1b, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] B. Muri e-mail: [email protected] M. Horvat J. Kotnik P. Vrecˇa R. Jac´imovic´ Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozˇef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] J. Kotnik e-mail: [email protected] P. Vrecˇa e-mail: [email protected]
were associated with organic matter (OM), with Hg showing the strongest affinity to OM. As, Cr, Fe and U formed a group of redox-sensitive elements. Two events that occurred ca. 1915 and in the 1940s/1950s, were identified in the core. They were associated with increased inputs of allochthonous material into the lake, and significantly affected the stratigraphic distributions of all elements. Some trace elements, such as As, Hg and Zn, are probably effectively retained in the catchment, whereas Cr tends to be readily exported from the catchment. Atmospheric deposition affected not only elements of anthropogenic origin (As, Ba, Br, Hg, Sb, Zn and Cr) that started to increase after the 1970s, but also those of terrestrial origin (Ca, Fe, Na). Introduction of fish into the lake in 1991 and the subsequent increase in primary production, affected the distribution of Ca and elements that are redoxsensitive and/or associated with OM (As, Ba, Fe, Sb, U, Zn). Fe minerals in uppermost 6J sediments have a strong influence on the distribution of several trace elements. As and Zn closely tracked Fe, whereas Sb was likely released after oxidation. Climate change could also have enhanced inputs of elements from the catchment, but such changes were likely overwhelmed by the effects of increased eutrophication. Keywords Double lake – Dvojno jezero Geochemistry Mercury Principal Component Analysis Source attribution Triglav National Park
R. Jac´imovic´ e-mail: [email protected]
123
J Paleolimnol
Introduction Elements that occur in bedrock and soils enter
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