Safety Assessments of Nickel Boride Nanoparticles on the Human Pulmonary Alveolar Cells by Using Cell Viability and Gene
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Safety Assessments of Nickel Boride Nanoparticles on the Human Pulmonary Alveolar Cells by Using Cell Viability and Gene Expression Analyses Hasan Türkez 1 & Mehmet Enes Arslan 2 Adil Mardinoğlu 7
&
Erdal Sönmez 3 & Abdulgani Tatar 4 & Fatime Geyikoğlu 5 & Metin Açikyildiz 6 &
Received: 12 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Nickel boride is generally used in the steel industry as a melting accelerator due to its feature of creating a protective and stable attribute at high temperatures. It is also used to improve the hardenability of the steel with boron addition in the production. Thus, safety studies and biocompatibility analysis of nickel boride should be performed comprehensively to understand the limitations of use in various areas. In the present study, nickel boride nanoparticles (Ni2B NPs) were synthesized by a single-step method and molecule characterizations were performed via the use of X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. Cytotoxicity properties of Ni2B NPs were identified on human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red (NR), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Illumina human ht-12 v4.0 wholegenome microarray analysis was conducted to investigate NiB2 NPs effects on gene expression regulations of HPAEpiC cells. The database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery (DAVID) analysis was performed to reveal the relationship between Ni2B NP application and cellular pathway alterations. According to cytotoxicity analysis, the IC50 value for Ni2B NP application was found as 81.99 mg/L concentration. Microarray analysis of Ni2B NP application was shown for the first time that 693 gene expression changes (FC ≥ 2) occurred significantly over 40.000 gene probes and Ni2B NPs were observed to affect microtubule regulation, centrosome organization, and phosphoprotein synthesis. Keywords Nickel boride nanoparticles . In vitro, gene expression . Human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells . Pathway analysis
* Mehmet Enes Arslan [email protected] Hasan Türkez [email protected]
1
Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
2
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
3
Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
4
Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
5
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
6
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis, Turkey
7
Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral
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