Simulation of Heavy Metal Pollution of Watercourses in the Basin of the Nizhnekamskoe Reservoir
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ORATION OF THE VOLGA
Simulation of Heavy Metal Pollution of Watercourses in the Basin of the Nizhnekamskoe Reservoir T. B. Fashchevskayaa, * and Yu. G. Motovilova a
Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received February 4, 2020; revised March 20, 2020; accepted March 21, 2020
Abstract—The physically based ECOMAG-HM model, developed to simulate heavy metal cycles in large river basins, was used to study the spatial and temporal regularities in the formation of copper and zinc distributions in water bodies in the basin of the Nizhnekamskoe Reservoir. Maps of the mean annual concentrations of the metals in river network and the mean annual modules of diffuse runoff with its genetic components have been compiled. The contributions of point and diffuse sources to river water pollution by copper and zinc have been evaluated. To specify the estimates of the effect of economic activity on river water pollution, numerical experiments have been carried out to simulate the scenarios of an increase in the amount of metals discharged as wastewater components, wastewater emergency volleys, and complete elimination of anthropogenic impact on a drainage basin. Keywords: river basin, ECOMAG-HM model, diffuse pollution, point sources, heavy metals, copper and zinc runoff, economic activity scenarios DOI: 10.1134/S0097807820050085
INTRODUCTION The discharges of poorly treated wastewater, originating from industrial, municipal, and agricultural enterprises, have been long regarded as the major sources of pollution of water bodies. That is why the water-protection programs are based on the concept of reducing wastewater discharges from controlled point sources. As can be seen from state statistical reports, the amount of pollutants in wastewater composition has decreased considerably over the past decades [4, 6]. However, the respective decrease in pollutant concentrations, which could be expected, did not take place in many water bodies [8, 18]. The present-day technical and natural conditions of water quality formation show that many sources of uncontrollable diffuse pollution appear in river basins: individual elements of basin geosystems (soils, groundwater, and bottom sediments), polluted under the effect of long-term anthropogenic impact, and the anthropogenic pollution sources themselves (territories of industrial enterprises; areas occupied by dumps and industrial wastes; municipal solid waste landfills; agricultural and transport facilities, etc.) [13, 23–25]. The available data show that pollutant input from uncontrollable diffuse sources into the watercourses of the Volga basin can be greater than that from point sources [3, 9, 10, 29]. Similar data are available for some largest European rivers [12, 28, 33].
The development of water-protection strategies and appropriate measures for their implementation in river basins requires the good knowledge of the processes of water quality formation under current natural and technogenic conditions and the contribu
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