Sources, bioaccumulation, health risks and remediation of potentially toxic metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg): an epi
- PDF / 1,136,912 Bytes
- 20 Pages / 547.087 x 737.008 pts Page_size
- 62 Downloads / 199 Views
Sources, bioaccumulation, health risks and remediation of potentially toxic metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg): an epitomised review Deep Raj
&
Subodh Kumar Maiti
Received: 10 September 2019 / Accepted: 25 December 2019 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The release of potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) such as As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg has become a serious threat to the environment. The anthropogenic contribution of these PTMs, especially Hg, is increasing continuously, and coal combustion in thermal power plants (TPPs) is considered to be the highest contributor of PTMs. Once entered into the environment, PTMs get deposited on the soil, which is the most important sink of these PTMs. This review centred on the sources of PTMs from coal and flyash and their enrichment in soil, chemical behaviour in soil and plant, bioaccumulation in trees and vegetables, health risk and remediation. Several remediation techniques (physical and chemical) have been used to minimise the PTMs level in soil and water, but the phytoremediation technique is the most commonly used technique for the effective removal of PTMs from contaminated soil and water. Several plant species like Brassica juncea, Pteris vittata and Helianthus annuus are proved to be the most potential candidate for the PTMs removal. Among all the PTMs, the occurrence of Hg in coal is a global concern due to the significant release of Hg into the atmosphere from coal-fired thermal power plants. Therefore, the Hg D. Raj : S. K. Maiti (*) Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826 004, India e-mail: [email protected]
D. Raj e-mail: [email protected]
removal from pre-combustion (coal washing and demercuration techniques) coal is very essential to reduce the possibility of Hg release to the atmosphere. Keywords Potentially toxic metal(loid)s . Mercury . Coal and flyash . Plants and vegetables . Phytoremediation
Introduction The increasing level of pollution is a serious threat to the environment and mankind (Fayiga et al. 2018). Fundamentally, the natural and anthropogenic sources are two sources of pollution in the natural environment. Among the two, the anthropogenic sources play the major role in elevating the pollution level. Coal mining and thermal power plants (TPPs) are the major anthropogenic contributors of pollutant to the environment (Li et al. 2018). These anthropogenic sources release potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) into the environment. The five PTMs, namely arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), have been recognised as the most hazardous and persistent element (Lee et al. 2006; Ozden et al. 2018). These PTMs have the bioaccumulation capacity in the food chain and may cause serious risk to human health (Modabberi et al. 2018; Raj and Maiti 2019a). Direct inhalation, dermal contact and consumption of PTMs-contaminated water and soil are the main exposure routes of PTMs in humans. The reported global anthropogenic releas
Data Loading...
