Structure and Function of Mountain Ecosystems in Japan Biodiversity
The purpose of this book is to summarize new insights on the structure and function of mountain ecosystems and to present evidence and perspectives on the impact of climate change on biodiversity. This volume describes overall features of high-mountain ec
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Gaku Kudo Editor
Structure and Function of Mountain Ecosystems in Japan Biodiversity and Vulnerability to Climate Change
Ecological Research Monographs
Series editor Yoh Iwasa
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8852
Gaku Kudo Editor
Structure and Function of Mountain Ecosystems in Japan Biodiversity and Vulnerability to Climate Change
Editor Gaku Kudo Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
ISSN 2191-0707 ISSN 2191-0715 (electronic) Ecological Research Monographs ISBN 978-4-431-55952-8 ISBN 978-4-431-55954-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55954-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930102 © Springer Japan 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Front cover: Alpine meadow and lake system in the Taisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan (photo by Gaku Kudo, July 2012). Back cover: Left: Upper limit of subalpine conifer (Abies mariesii) forest at the summit (about 1,400 m a.s.l.) in the Hakkoda Mountains, Aomori, Japan (photo by Tohru Nakashizuka, July 2009). Center: Fritillary butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) visiting Cimicifuga simplex (Ranunculaceae) flowers in the Utsukushigahara highlands, Nagano, Japan (photo by Takao Itino, September 2009). Right: Lake Komaike as a typical mountain lake (1,340 m a.s.l.) in Akita Prefecture, Japan (photo by Manabu Fukui, July 2006). Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Japan KK
Preface
High-mountain ecosystems are an interesting field for a wide area of ecological research, such as population ecology, community ecology, landscape ecology, evolutionary ecology, physiological ecology, biological interactions, and global change biology. Mountain ecosystems in mid-latitudes are characterized by clear seasonality and dynamics of a snow-thawing regime during the summer season. Especially in Japanese mountain systems, in Far East Asia, the mild, wet summer and c
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