The effect of the triethanolamine: glycerol deep eutectic solvent on the yield, fatty acid composition, antioxidant acti
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The effect of the triethanolamine: glycerol deep eutectic solvent on the yield, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and physicochemical properties of black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) seed oil Biljana S. Đorđević1 · Dragan Z. Troter1 · Zoran B. Todorović1 · Ivica G. Đalović2 · Ljiljana P. Stanojević1 · Petar M. Mitrović2 · Vlada B. Veljković1,3 Received: 28 February 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study reports the yields, physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions, and antioxidant activities of black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) seed oils extracted by cold pressing and the solvent extraction using different solvents (n–hexane, trichloroethylene, and a mixture of trichloroethylene and the triethanolamine:glycerol deep eutectic solvent (TEOA:G DES) with no or after pretreatment with the TEOA:G DES. Density (0.9791 ± 0.0003–0.9851 ± 0.0003 g/cm3), viscosity (121.15 ± 1.62–123.32 ± 0.10 mPa⋅s), boiling point (179–185 ± 1 °C), refractive index (1.4692 ± 0.0006–1.4758 ± 0.0011), acid (2.08 ± 0.19–3.22 ± 0.15 mg KOH/g), iodine (99.2 ± 1.6–105.4 ± 1.5 g I2/100 g), peroxide (1.68 ± 0.01–1.82 ± 0.03 mmol O2/kg), and saponification values (165.1 ± 2.7–169.4 ± 2.3 mg KOH/g), fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of the extracted oil were determined in order to evaluate its potential use as a foodstuff, a pharmaceutical or a feedstock for biodiesel production. Although the maceration of black mustard seeds with sole trichloroethylene yielded the highest oil yield of 31.10 ± 0.42 g/100 g, it required almost twice the volume of trichloroethylene compared to the volume applied in the macerations after the pre–treatment with the TEOA:G DES and with the mixture of trichloroethylene/TEOA:G DES. The oil extracted by the extraction in the presence of TEOA:G DES has similar physicochemical properties but better antioxidant activity than the oil extracted by cold pressing. Keywords Black mustard seed oil · Extraction · Brassica nigra · Deep eutectic solvent · Antioxidant activity
Introduction Knowing the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils is of a great importance for their use as a primary raw material in many industries. In addition to the applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, vegetable oils are a basic feedstock for the biodiesel production. Among the valuable oilseed crops are those from the Brassicaceae * Vlada B. Veljković [email protected] 1
Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Oslobođenja 124, Bulevar, Leskovac 16000, Serbia
2
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
3
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
family as being important for human nutrition as a source of lipids and proteins and biodiesel feedstocks [1]. For instance, black mustard (Brassica nigra L.), an annual, aromatic weedy plant native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, is widely culti
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