The Role of Neurovascular System in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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The Role of Neurovascular System in Neurodegenerative Diseases Ajmal Ahmad 1 & Vanisha Patel 2 & Jianfeng Xiao 2 & Mohammad Moshahid Khan 2,3 Received: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The neurovascular system (NVS), which consisted of neurons, glia, and vascular cells, is a functional and structural unit of the brain. The NVS regulates blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cerebral blood flow (CBF), thereby maintaining the brain’s microenvironment for normal functioning, neuronal survival, and information processing. Recent studies have highlighted the role of vascular dysfunction in several neurodegenerative diseases. This is not unexpected since both nervous and vascular systems are functionally interdependent and show close anatomical apposition, as well as similar molecular pathways. However, despite extensive research, the precise mechanism by which neurovascular dysfunction contributes to neurodegeneration remains incomplete. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of neurovascular dysfunction in disease conditions may allow us to develop potent and effective therapies for prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review article summarizes the current research in the context of neurovascular signaling associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD). We also discuss the potential implication of neurovascular factor as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic marker in patients with neurodegenerative conditions. Keywords Neurovascular system . Brain . Blood-brain barrier . Neurodegeneration . Alzheimer’s disease . Parkinson’s disease . Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Huntington’s disease . Therapy
Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) and the neural circuit’s performance are heavily dependent on adequate blood supply. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is tightly regulated by the wellequipped and interconnected neurovascular system (NVS) to ensure an adequate and continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain, as well as the removal of toxic metabolites from the brain. The total length of capillaries in the human brain is an estimated 400 miles, and the microvascular surface area available for the molecular transport and carriermediated transport of glucose and amino acids is approximately 20 m2 [1]. The human brain constitutes nearly 2% of total
* Mohammad Moshahid Khan [email protected] 1
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite 432 Link Building, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
3
Division of Rehabilitation Sciences and Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
body weight, but receives over 20% of cardiac output and c
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