Toxic heavy metals and nutrient concentration in the milk of goat herds in two Iranian industrial and non-industrial zon
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Toxic heavy metals and nutrient concentration in the milk of goat herds in two Iranian industrial and non-industrial zones Nasrin Homayonibezi 1 & Sina Dobaradaran 1,2,3 & Hossein Arfaeinia 1,2 & Marzieh Mahmoodi 4 & Ali Mohammad Sanati 5 & Mohammad Reza Farzaneh 6 & Raheleh Kafaei 7 & Maryam Afsari 1 & Moradali Fouladvand 3 & Bahman Ramavandi 1,2 Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This work aimed to explore the concentration of nickel, manganese, iron, copper, chromium, and lead in the milk of goat herds in the industrial area of Asaluyeh (southern Iran) and the non-industrial area of Kaki. The milk of 16 goat herds (each herd had at least ten goats) was collected in several villages in each area, and at the same time, the drinking water and forage of goats were sampled. The concentration of elements in the samples was determined by ICP-OES. The mean concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, and nickel in milk samples of the Asaluyeh area were 16.423 ± 0.349, 0.146 ± 0.118, 6.111 ± 0.501, 0.239 ± 0.016, 0.141 ± 0.030, and 1.447 ± 0.101 mg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals (except for copper) in the milk of goats in the industrialized area of Asaluyeh were significantly higher than that of Kaki (P < 0.05). Also, the content of heavy metals was significantly correlated with lactose levels (P < 0.05). The hazard index for drinking the goat milk was computed to be 0.444 and 0.386 for the Asaluyeh and Kaki area, respectively, which shows a minimal effect of this exposure pathway. Keywords Goat milk . Asaluyeh . Kaki . Health risk assessment . Heavy metals . Nutrient
Introduction
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Bahman Ramavandi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
2
Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
3
The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
4
Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
5
Department of Environmental Science, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
6
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
7
Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Although metals such as iron, copper, and manganese are essential elements in the body, in large quantities, they cause toxicity. The metal of chromium, lead, and nickel is listed in the priority list of hazardous substances by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (Kafaei et al. 2017; Ahmad et al. 2017). Hea
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