Transmitters and Modulators in Health and Disease New Frontiers in N

Prominent international researchers contributed to this volume of reports advancing the study of brain function and morphology. Comprising investigations in several areas of neuroscience, the book includes research in neurodegenerative diseases and in neu

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T r a n s m i t t e r s a n d M o d u l a t o r s in Health a n d Disease

S. Shioda, I. Homma, N. Kato (Eds.)

Transmitters and Modulators in Health and Disease New Frontiers in Neuroscience

Springer

Seiji Shioda, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan Ikuo Homma, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan N o b u m a s a Kato, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Department of Psychiatry, Karasuyama Hospital Showa University School of Medicine 6-11-11, Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009921985 ISBN 978-4-431-99038-3 Springer Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York e-ISBN 978-4-431-99039-0 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.corn 9 Springer 2009 Printed in Japan Typesetting: Camera-ready by the editors and authors Printing and binding: Kato Bunmeisha, Japan Printed on acid-free paper

Foreword It is a great pleasure and honor to present Transmitters and Modulators in Health and Disease. This is a memorable scientific publication for Showa University, prepared in conjunction with the 5th International Symposium for Life Sciences, held at the university in 2008. This symposium was supported in part by Grants for the Promotion of the Advancement of Education and Research in Graduate Schools, in the program of Subsidies for Ordinary Expenses of Private Schools from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. On behalf of Showa University, it is a privilege to see the publication of this volume of scientific research articles for the advancement of knowledge on brain function and morphology. Akiyoshi Hosoyamada, M.D., Ph.D. President Showa University, Tokyo, Japan January 2009

Preface The 5th Showa International Symposium was hosted by Showa University at the university's Kamijo Auditorium on September 2, 2008. This symposium titled Transmitters and Modulators in Health and Disease, brought together various areas of neurosciences under a number of research themes. Six prominent researchers invited from overseas and eight speakers from Showa University gave lectures,