Vaccination Efficacy and Environmental Pollution
Childhood vaccinations are of substantial public health relevance and have contributed significantly to reduced mortality and morbidity from severe infectious diseases.
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Vaccination Efficacy and Environmental Pollution Katrine Kielsen, Zaiba Shamim, Lars P. Ryder, Philippe Grandjean, and Carsten Heilmann
Contents 8.1
Vaccinations .................................................................................................................... 8.1.1 Immunological Control of Infections 8.1.2 Immunological Stimulation by Immunizations and Vaccination Efficacy 8.1.3 Vaccine Subtypes 8.1.4 Use of Vaccination Efficacy for Epidemiological Studies of Immune Function 8.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants .......................................................................................... 8.2.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 8.2.2 Perfluorinated Alkylate Substances 8.3 Perspectives ..................................................................................................................... 8.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... References ................................................................................................................................
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K. Kielsen, MD (*) • Z. Shamim, MSc, PhD Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark e-mail: [email protected] L.P. Ryder, MSc Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark P. Grandjean, MD, DMSc Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA C. Heilmann Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark e-mail: [email protected] © Springer-Verlag Wien 2016 C. Esser (ed.), Environmental Influences on the Immune System, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1890-0_8
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Vaccinations
The immune system has evolved to combat the environmental influences to which humans are constantly exposed, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Furthermore, immunization programs have helped the immune system to reach protection through vaccination against life-threatening diseases. For generations, it has been known that there was no second occurrence after suffering from certain illnesses. The modern history of vaccination began in England in 1796, when Edward Jenner discovered that inoculation of children with cowpox virus prevented smallpox disease (André 2003; Hilleman 2000; Plotkin and Plotkin 2011). Subsequent development of vaccines against various bacteria and viruses led to substantial progress in prevention of infectious diseases, and today vaccinations are widely used and considered one of the greatest successes of medical science. Vaccination has led to the total extinction of smallpox and the nearly elimination of polio, which now only exists in a few remote areas in Asia. In developed countri
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