Wild-type cutoff for Apramycin against Escherichia coli
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Wild-type cutoff for Apramycin against Escherichia coli Yuqi Yang1†, Tianshi Xiao2†, Jiarui Li2, Ping Cheng2, Fulei Li2, Hongxiao Yu2, Ruimeng Liu2, Ishfaq Muhammad2 and Xiuying Zhang2*
Abstract Background: Apramycin is used exclusively for the treatment of Escherichia coli (E.coli) infections in swine around the world since the early 1980s. Recently, many research papers have demonstrated that apramycin has significant in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant E.coli isolated in hospitals. Therefore, ensuring the proper use of apramycin in veterinary clinics is of great significance of public health. The objectives of this study were to develop a wild-type cutoff for apramycin against E.coli using a statistical method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and to investigate the prevalence of resistance genes that confer resistance to apramycin in E. coli. Results: Apramycin susceptibility testing of 1230 E.coli clinical isolates from swine were determinded by broth microdilution testing according to the CLSI document M07-A9. A total number of 310 E.coli strains from different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) subsets (0.5–256 μg/mL) were selected for the detection of resistance genes (aac(3)-IV; npmA; apmA) in E. coli by PCR. The percentage of E. coli isolates at each MIC (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 μg/mL) was 0.08, 0.08, 0.16, 2.93, 31.14, 38.86, 12.85, 2.03, 1.46, and 10.41%. The MIC50 and MIC90 were 16 and 64 μg/mL. All the 310 E.coli isolates were negative for npmA and apmA gene, and only the aac(3)-IV gene was detected in this study. Conclusions: The wild-type cutoff for apramycin against E.coli was defined as 32 μg/mL. The prevelance of aac(3)-IV gene mainly concentrated in these MIC subsets ‘MIC ≥ 64 μg/ mL’, which indicates that the wild-type cutoff established in our study is reliable. The wild-type cutoff offers interpretion criteria of apramycin susceptibility testing of E.coli. Keywords: Apramycin, Escherichia coli, Wild-type cutoff, Resistance, Aac(3)-IV
Background Escherichia coli (E.coli) usually colonizes the animal gastrointestinal tract as a commensal bacterium, and only a small number of strains are pathogenic. Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) represents one of these * Correspondence: [email protected] † Yuqi Yang and Tianshi Xiao contributed equally to this work. 2 Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People’s Republic of China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
pathotypes that cause a variety of enteric and extraintestinal diseases in humans and animals [1]. ETEC is spread by the fecal-oral route with food and water being the principal sources of infection [1]. In humans, ETEC is the main cause of bacterial diarrhea in adults and children in developi
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