Quantitative assessment of degradation, cytocompatibility, and in vivo bone regeneration of silicon-incorporated magnesi
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Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India a) Address all correspondence to these authors. e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] c) These authors contributed equally to this work. 2
Received: 26 June 2019; accepted: 14 November 2019
The effects of silicon incorporation on the in vitro and in vivo properties of magnesium phosphate (MgP) bioceramics were studied. Samples were prepared by conventional solid state synthesis method. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography (l-CT) analysis showed that Si doping reduces degradability of MgP. In vitro studies have shown that MG63 cells can attach and proliferate on MgP samples. Live/dead imaging showed that MgP–0.5Si sample had highest cell proliferation, which was also quantitatively confirmed by alamar blue assay. In vivo biocompatibility of MgP ceramics was assessed after implantation in rabbit model. Detailed l-CT analysis showed new bone tissue formation around the implant after 30 and 90 days. MgP–0.5Si ceramics had 84% bone regeneration compared with 56% for pure MgP ceramics, as confirmed by oxytetracycline labeling. Our finding suggests that Si doping can alter physicochemical properties of MgP ceramics and promotes osseointegration, which can be a useful choice for bone tissue engineering.
Introduction Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based bioceramics are widely used as bone substitutes for reasons ranging from chemical similarity to natural bone, resorbability, and dynamically supporting bone cell activity [1, 2, 3]. The compositional similarity of CaP to the mineralize bone matrix made it excellent biocompatible in both in vitro and in vivo conditions [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. However, under physiological condition, CaP ceramics may undergo phase transformation into low-soluble hydroxyapatite (HA) and showed slow degradation and longer time frame to be replaced by host bone tissue [10, 11, 12]. As an alternative, magnesium-based bioceramics have gained attention due to their excellent biocompatibility coupled with higher resorption rate than CaP at in vivo conditions [12, 13, 14]. The dissolution product, Mg21 ions, can inhibit the growth of lowsoluble HA crystals [15] and is also essential for maintaining the bone health [16]. The deficiency of Mg21 ions in body may led to low bone growth rate, osteoporosis, and bone fragility
ª Materials Research Society 2019
[17]. These Mg21 ions play a significant role in development of bone tissue by stimulating the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblastic cells by regulating cellular level signaling mechanism [18]. The released Mg ions improve the adhesion of osteoblasts, enhance the vascularization process, and increase collagen type 1 and OPN expression, which leads to mature bone formation near the implantation site [19, 20]. Recently, DíazTocados et al. reported that Wnt/b-catenin and
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