Recent Advances in Organic Acid Production from Microbial Sources by Utilizing Agricultural By-Products as Substrates fo
Organic acids are considered to be the third-largest entity among the other chemical substitutes. The worldwide market rate was projected to be US$6.55 billion, and it was expected to reach about US$9.29 billion by 2021. These compounds have proven to be
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Organic Acids 2.1 Organic Acid Production 3 Lactic Acid 3.1 Production of Lactic Acid 3.2 Microbial Production of Lactic Acid 3.3 Lactic Acid Is the End Product from Metabolic Pathways 4 Citric Acid 4.1 Production of Citric Acid 5 Itaconic Acid 5.1 Production of Itaconic Acid 5.2 Biochemical Synthesis of Itaconic Acid 6 Other Acids 6.1 Succinic Acid Production 6.2 Gluconic Acid 6.3 Fumaric Acid 7 Production of Organic Acids by Genetically Engineered Organisms 8 Applications of Organic Acids in the Removal of Metal Ions 9 Conclusion References
Abstract Organic acids are considered to be the third-largest entity among the other chemical substitutes. The worldwide market rate was projected to be US$6.55 billion, and it was expected to reach about US$9.29 billion by 2021. These D. Vishnu and B. Dhandapani (*) Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] S. Mahadevan Chemical Engineering Department, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.), Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management Techniques, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_577, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
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compounds have proven to be used in the numerous applications as additives in the food industries and due to their major demand as the feedstocks in the chemical industries. These compounds are also used as the silages in the perspective of drinking water. Organic acids could be produced through chemical and microbiological processes. But fermentation is considered as the major phenomena in the commercial large-scale production of numerous organic acids. Mostly genetically engineered strains could produce the high yield of organic acids using alternate residues from the chemical feedstocks. The choice of raw material and microbial sources is considered as the major significant factor for the enhanced productivity and yield, especially in the large-scale production. Mainly solid-state fermentation with renewable source as the feedstock was preferred because of the economic factor of low cost and easy availability. Citric acid is considerably produced in large quantities among the other acids with 1.6 million tons, whereas acetic acid and lactic acid constitute to be the second and third place in the productivity of various organic acids. These organic acids are extensively found to be used in the numerous applications of food industries, dairy products, and pharmaceuticals and also in the production of various components like inks, plastics, lacquers, etc.; they play a prominent role as a chelating agent in the removal of various metal pollutants from soil. The cost of the petrochemical derivatives tends to increase the usage and provokes the strong interest toward the agricultural by-products to be used as the major feedstock in the numerous organic acid production. These agricultural by-products are considered to be
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