Simultaneous Determination of Nine Plant Growth Regulators in Navel Oranges by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole T
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Simultaneous Determination of Nine Plant Growth Regulators in Navel Oranges by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry Xiaofen Wang 1 & Xuejin Mao 2 & Aiping Yan 3 & Ting Tan 3 & Yongli Yang 1 & Yiqun Wan 1,3
Received: 9 March 2016 / Accepted: 18 April 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract A new and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of nine plant growth regulators in navel oranges was developed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass (QqQ LC/MS). Extraction was performed by acetone and ethyl acetate (v/v, 1:2) with microwave-assisted extraction technique. Cleanup of extracts was performed with dispersive-solid phase extraction (d-SPE) using active carbon as the sorbent. The identification of each analyte was established by chromatographic retention time, analytespecific fragmentation patterns, and relative peak area ratios of precursor/production pairs. Under the optimized conditions, the average recoveries (six replicates), except for methyl naphthacetate, were in the range of 61.0–109.4 % and limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 162.2 μg kg−1. The results demonstrated that the developed QqQ LC/MS, extraction and purification method is highly effective for analyzing trace amounts of target plant growth regulators (PGRs) in navel orange samples.
Keywords Plant growth regulators . Microwave-assisted extraction . Quantitative analysis . Liquid chromatographytriple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry
* Yiqun Wan [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People’s Republic of China
2
The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People’s Republic of China
3
Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, People’s Republic of China
Introduction Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are a class of synthetic pesticides; they could also be called phytohormones that can effectively promote, inhibit, or modify growth and development of plants (Hernández et al. 1997; Liu et al. 2010; Shi et al. 2011). PGRs are widely used in agricultural production, and the amount is increasing. However, food safety incidents are gradually increasing because of the abuse of PGRs in foods for the past few years; the hazards they have brought along with them to food safety and human health have increasingly become the focus of world attention (Jiang et al. 2012). The excessive usage of plant growth regulators in agriculture has led to their residue in fruits, soils, underground water, and so on. Thus, these hormones have the potential toxicity to humans or animals, which include carcinogenicity, impaired reproduction and development, neurotoxicity, and acute toxicity (Pulgarín et al. 2011). For example, residues of daminozide in apples can be detected up to 1 year after application (Drake et al. 1991). The degradation of daminozide is 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UMDH) which is a toxin and potential carcinogen (Mol et al. 1999
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