Solar light induced synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using lignin as a reductant, and their application to ultrasens
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Solar light induced synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using lignin as a reductant, and their application to ultrasensitive spectrophotometric determination of mercury(II) Qingtong Zhang 1,2 & Changzhou Chen 1,2 & Guangcong Wan 1,2 & Ming Lei 1,2 & Mingchao Chi 1,2 & Shuangfei Wang 1,2 & Douyong Min 1,2 Received: 10 May 2019 / Accepted: 15 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were employed as the reducing and stabilizing agent in the preparation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from silver nitrate under solar light. The Ag NPs were characterized by spectrophotometry, TEM, HRTEM, element mapping, XRD and XPS. The formation of Ag NPs and the structural changes of lignin during the reaction was monitored by analysis via 31P NMR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The Ag NPs have uniform shape and an average size of ~14 nm. They were loaded onto the surface of LNPs and entangled in lignin. The resulting Ag NP-LNP suspension displays an ultrasensitive and selective optical response to Hg (II) in giving a color change from yellow to colorless. The assay was performed by spectrophotometry at 450 nm. The analytically useful range extends from 5 nM to 100 nM of Hg (II), and the limit of detection is 1.4 nM in deionized water and 1.8 nM in spiked tap water. This is lower than the threshold level (10 nM) in drinking water specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Keywords Lignin nanoparticles . Metal nanoparticles . Colorimetric assay . Visual detection
Introduction Colorimetric assays have found numerous applications on the detection of mercury ions (Hg2+). For example, Duan et al. developed a colorimetric method based on the deaggregation of Ag NPs [1]. Sun et al. attained the high-throughput detection of Hg2+ in blood and wastewater [2]. Besides, many other silver or silver nanomaterials, such as triangular silver nanoprisms [3], Ag-Au nanorods [4], and Ag NPs enhanced rhodamine B derivative fluorescent probe [5] have also been applied for Hg2+ detection. Accordingly, it is deemed pivotal Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3832-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Douyong Min [email protected] 1
College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
2
Guangxi Key Lab of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
to discover an efficient and sustainable approach for the synthesis of high-quality silver nanoparticles. Chemical reduction is counted among the most common methods employed for the synthesis of Ag NPs. Nevertheless, chemical reduction methodologies typically require the use of hydrazine hydrate, sodium borohydride or other strong reducing regents, together with stabilizing agents such as sodium citrate and surfactants. All these chemicals are unfriendly to not just the environment but also the human health. In particular, hydrazine hydrate poses
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