Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mushroom Flammulina velutipes Extract and Their Antibacterial Activity Aga
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mushroom Flammulina velutipes Extract and Their Antibacterial Activity Against Aquatic Pathogens Lizhi Zhang 1 & Yanan Wei 1 & Hongxin Wang 1 & Fanlin Wu 2 & Yancui Zhao 1,3 & Xiaoli Liu 1,3 & Hongyan Wu 1,3 & Lei Wang 1,3 & Hongyan Su 2 Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In recent years, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been projected as an alternative to traditional antibiotics for their superior antimicrobial properties and significant inhibition of the biofilm formation. Particularly, it is found that the effectiveness of AgNPs varies greatly with the biomaterial used in their synthesis. Mushrooms are natural resources for excellent antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, there are few reports on the application of mushrooms in AgNPs biosynthesis. In this study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using Flammulina velutipes extract as reductants and stabilizing agents. The following analyses of UV-visible spectroscopy showed typical absorbance peak at 450 nm. Transmission electron microscope analysis indicated that the prepared AgNPs were monodispersed spheres with an average size of approximately 22 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure of metallic silver. Furthermore, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited high stability and antibacterial activities against 6 aquatic pathogens. A subsequent challenge experiment showed that the prepared AgNPs significantly reduced the mortality rate of Ruditapes philippinarum clam infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Notably, AgNPs treatment could inhibit the biofilm formation of the pathogen, indicating that the extracellular synthesis of AgNPs using mushroom can be developed into a novel effective antimicrobial agent to overcome the multidrug-resistant microorganisms in aquaculture. This study will open a new way for edible mushroom processing and wide application in aquaculture. Keywords Flammulina velutipes . Silver nanoparticles . Biosynthesis . Antibacterial activity . Biofilm . Aquatic pathogens
Introduction With the rapid development of the aquaculture industry and the adoption of the high-density aquaculture model, Lizhi Zhang, Yanan Wei and Hongxin Wang contributed equally to this work. * Lei Wang [email protected] * Hongyan Su [email protected] 1
College of life sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China
2
College of agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China
3
Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China
an outbreak of infectious diseases has occurred constantly and caused great economic losses (Liu et al. 2018). The long-term use of commercially antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics results in serious drug resistance of aquatic pathogens, which makes it increasingly difficult to control aquatic diseases
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