Solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLN)s containing Zataria multiflora essential oil with no-cytotoxicity and potent repellent a
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLN)s containing Zataria multiflora essential oil with no-cytotoxicity and potent repellent activity against Anopheles stephensi Hamid Reza Kelidari1,2 • Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard3 • Katayon Morteza-Semnani4 • Fatemeh Amoozegar5 • Marziae Shahriari-Namadi3 Majid Saeedi4 • Mahmoud Osanloo6
•
Received: 16 June 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2020
Abstract Malaria is still a global health concern with more than 400,000 death annually. Personal protection using mosquitoes’ repellent is an effective prevention strategy, especially in endemic areas. The toxic effects of synthetics repellents and their adverse effects on fabricated goods have made the development of green repellent critical. In this study, ingredients of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) were identified using GC–MS analysis. Solidlipid nanoparticles containing ZMEO (1%) were prepared (SLN-ZMEO) using the high-pressure homogenizer method. The repellent activity of ZMEO and SLN-ZMEO was investigated using Klun and Debboun method and compared together. Besides, their cytotoxicity on a human skin normal cell line (HFFF2) was evaluated. Five major components of ZMEO were carvacrol (27.05%), thymol (26.452%), c-terpinene (15.144%), o-cymene (13.584%), and a-pinene (9.483%). The SLN-ZMEO showed a
& Mahmoud Osanloo [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
2
Student Research Committee Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
3
Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
4
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
5
Student Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
6
Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
spherical shape with a particle size of 134 ± 7 nm. Moreover, their polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and entrapment efficiency were determined as 0.24 ± 0.1, - 9.82 ± 0.95 mV and 64.6 ± 3.8%, respectively. Interestingly, the protection time of nanoformulation (93 ± 5 min) was three times longer than that of the nonformulated essential oil (29 ± 2 min). Interestingly, both samples did not show cytotoxicity on HFFF2. Therefore, the prepared nanoformulation can be used as a green and potent repellent. Keywords Solid lipid nanoparticle Anopheles stephensi Repellent activity Protection time Zataria multiflora
Introduction Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases and caused around 700.000 deaths annually (Achee et al. 2019; WHO 2019). The most important vector-borne diseases are transmitted by three genera of mosquitoes, including Aedes (Dengue and Yellow Fever), Culex (Japanese encephalitis and West Nile
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