The dissemination of antibiotic resistance in various environmental objects (Russia)
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REVIEW ARTICLE
The dissemination of antibiotic resistance in various environmental objects (Russia) Ludmila Eugenevna Khmelevtsova 1 Marina Alexandrovna Sazykina 1
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Ivan Sergeevich Sazykin 1
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Tatiana Nikolaevna Azhogina 1
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Received: 1 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Environmental objects (surface and groundwater, soil, bottom sediments, wastewater) are reservoirs in which large-scale multidirectional exchange of determinants of antibiotic resistance between clinical strains and natural bacteria takes place. The review discusses the results of studies on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) isolated from environmental objects (water, soil, sewage, permafrost) of the Russian Federation. Despite the relevance of the topic, the number of available publications examining the resistomes of Russian water bodies and soils is small. The most studied environmental objects are surface waters (rivers, lakes), permafrost deposits. Soil resistomes are less studied. Data on ARG and ARB in wastewater are the least covered in publications. In most of the studies, antibiotic resistance of isolated pure bacterial cultures was determined phenotypically. A significant number of publications are devoted to the resistance of natural isolates of Vibrio cholerae, since the lower reaches of the Volga and Don rivers are endemic to cholera. Molecular genetic methods were used in a small number of studies. Geographically, the south of the European part of Russia is the most studied. There are also publications on the distribution of ARG in water bodies of Siberia and the Russian Far East. There are practically no publications on such developed regions of Russia as the center and northwest of the European part of Russia. The territory of the country is very large, anthropogenic and natural factors in its various regions vary significantly; therefore, it seems interesting to combine all available data in one work. Keywords Antibiotic-resistant bacteria . ARB . Antibiotic resistance genes . ARG . Environmental resistome . Russia
Introduction The problem of the dissemination of antibiotic resistance is a global problem and is relevant for all countries of the world. Antibiotic-producing bacteria are ubiquitous in nature, colonizing plants, soil, aquatic plants, and animals. Large-scale mixing of environmental bacteria with exogenous bacteria from anthropogenic sources provides ideal selective conditions for the emergence of new resistant strains; thus, soil, water, and other habitats can act as “hot spots” for horizontal gene transfer (Wellington et al. 2013). This issue is widely
Responsible Editor: Robert Duran * Marina Alexandrovna Sazykina [email protected] 1
Southern Federal University, 194/2, Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation 344090
studied all over the world, especially in China, the USA, and European countries. It has been shown that elevated levels of antibiotic compounds and antibiotic resistance
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