The effectiveness of surfactants applied with essential oil of Lippia alba in the anesthesia of Nile tilapia ( Oreochrom
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The effectiveness of surfactants applied with essential oil of Lippia alba in the anesthesia of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and their toxicity assessment for fish and mammals Laís Frigini Postay 1 & Dandara Silva Cabral 1 & Otávio Arruda Heringer 2 & Luiza Valli Vieira 3 & Lauro Roger de Moraes 1 & Gabrieli Freitas 1 & Levy Carvalho Gomes 1 Received: 19 June 2020 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Lippia alba essential oil (EO) is a fish anesthetic immiscible in water and commonly used diluted in ethanol. We evaluated the effectiveness of surfactant use with Lippia alba EO in the anesthesia of Oreochromis niloticus, as well as its toxicity in fish and mammals. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and the fish were exposed to anesthesia at the concentration of 250 μL/ L for 10 min with the surfactants polysorbate 20 (T20), polysorbate 80 (T80), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ethanol. We also evaluated fish recovery and anesthetic safety margin after exposure for 10, 20, and 30 min. To assess the surfactants’ toxicity in mammals, Mus musculus (mice) received the same treatments by gavage. The main constituents of the Lippia alba EO were linalool (42.36%), geraniol (12.46%), neral (10.7%), and limonene (7.45%). Deeper anesthesia was faster in the T20 (60 ± 2.9 s) and T80 (272 ± 21 s) treatment groups, while recovery time for T80 was longer (596 ± 47 s). All treatments showed a good safety margin, without mortality. The genotoxic effects caused by surfactants in mammals and fish were at similar levels to those found in the ethanol treatment. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the use of surfactants T20 and T80 in Oreochromis niloticus anesthesia presented neither a reduction nor a considerable increase of the toxicity when compared to the commonly used ethanol; however, an increase in anesthetic effectiveness was observed throughout the experiment. Keywords Polysorbate . Emulsion . Genotoxicity . Cidreira . Mice
Introduction Essential oils (EO) and plant extracts might be a viable alternative to conventional anesthetic products used in aquaculture, appropriately sedating and anesthetizing fishes (Gressler et al. 2014; Barbas et al. 2017; Hoseini et al. 2019). Several authors have demonstrated the anesthetic and sedative effects of the Lippia alba EO, and the linalool
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Levy Carvalho Gomes [email protected] 1
Universidade Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES 29102-920, Brazil
2
Tommasi Ambiental, Rua Arara azul, n° 187, Novo Horizonte, Serra, ES 29163-306, Brazil
3
Universidade Federal de Espírito Santo, Avenida Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES 29075-910, Brazil
chemotype of the Lippia alba EO (Cunha et al. 2010; Toni et al. 2014; Heldwein et al. 2014; Salbego et al. 2017). However, EOs are immiscible in water; thus, a surfactant is needed to ensure their effectiveness. Ethanol is the main substance used to promote
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