Theranostic cancer applications utilized by nanoparticles offering multimodal systems and future insights
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Theranostic cancer applications utilized by nanoparticles offering multimodal systems and future insights Emir Yasun1 Received: 4 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Recent studies showed that imaging-guided cancer therapeutics have higher success rates so instead of using a single modality, the combination of diagnosis and therapy (theranostic) modalities have simultaneously been employed more often for the cancer treatments. Also, instead of employing single modality, combination of more than one modality for each cancer diagnosis and therapy becomes to be the route for the scientists study in the field of theranostics and applied nanotechnology due to the improved theranostic efficiency. Purpose-oriented fabricated nanoparticles are usually chosen as carriers and contrast agents for those multimodal theranostic systems owing to their unique optoelectronic (optical-electronic) and physical properties. This is a mini review as a general synopsis of the recent applications of nanoparticles as one of the most efficient cancer theranostic agents and future insights for theranostics. Keywords Theranostics · Multimodal theranostics · Diagnosis · Cancer therapy · Nanotechnology · CRISPR
1 Introduction Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled abnormal cell proliferation where the abnormal cells grow out of control and spread. This proliferation is usually induced by various changes such as expression levels, posttranslational modifications or genetic mutations in certain proteins (biomarkers) of the cells [1–5]. Since those cell abnormalities happen in molecular levels, molecular diagnostics and therapeutic systems and thereby nanoparticle-based cancer treatments are quite promising and employed. Nanoparticle-based cancer diagnostics employ various instrumental techniques utilizing optical, magnetic, radioactive and acoustic properties of carrier or contrast agent nanoparticles [6–22]. These particles either have those properties intrinsically (material and shape dependent) or carry those molecules or other nanoparticles that embody them. Also, hybrid nanoparticles consisting of two or more types of different templating or precursor materials can
be fabricated to gain more than one of those properties within one particle system [10]. On the other hand, change in the physical properties of the nanoparticles such as size, shape or shell thickness (in hybrid particles) also lead those properties to change so this tunability can be exploited to comply with the desired application [6, 23, 24]. For example, absorption of the near-IR (NIR) irradiation is quite important in bioimaging applications since this region of the light spectrum is not harmful due to its minimal absorption by the tissues [8, 23, 25]. Thus, tuning the absorption properties of the nanoparticles to that region of the light spectrum can be achieved by changing their physical properties so that they can be employed in NIR imaging systems based on scattering, fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging [8]. Photoaco
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