Transformation of silver nanoparticles released from skin cream and mouth spray in artificial sweat and saliva solutions
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Transformation of silver nanoparticles released from skin cream and mouth spray in artificial sweat and saliva solutions: particle size, dissolution, and surface area Jonas Hedberg 1
&
Madeleine Eriksson 1 & Amina Kesraoui 1 & Alexander Norén 1 & Inger Odnevall Wallinder 1
Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in consumer products can result in diffuse environmental dispersion of both NPs and ionic silver. This study investigated the transformation of Ag NPs present in two consumer products (skin cream, mouth spray) in terms of release of Ag NPs and ionic silver and changes in particle size in artificial sweat and saliva solutions. Large differences in silver release were observed with the smaller sized Ag NPs in mouth spray releasing more silver compared with the Ag NPs of the skin cream. Substantial particle agglomeration took place in both artificial sweat and saliva, forming large-sized agglomerates (> 100 nm). The amount of dissolved silver in solution after 24 h was less than 10% of the total amount of Ag NPs for both products. The results show that the Ag NPs of these consumer products will largely remain as NPs even after 24 h of skin or saliva contact. The use of normalization by geometric surface area of the particles was tested as a way to compare dissolution for Ag NPs of different characteristics, including pristine, bare, as well as PVP-capped Ag NPs. Normalization of silver dissolution with the geometric surface area was shown promising, but more extensive studies are required to unambiguously conclude whether it is a way forward to enable grouping of the dissolution behavior of Ag NPs released from consumer products. Keywords Silver nanoparticles . Consumer products . Dissolution . Sweat . Saliva . Particle size
Introduction Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used in a large variety of consumer products (Hansen et al. 2016; Vance et al. 2015), mainly to provide antimicrobial effects (Zhang et al. 2016). Silver can be released as Ag NPs and/or ions from such consumer products and interact with humans and the environment. This release has spurred numerous investigations on transformations of Ag NPs upon dispersion, including aspects such as surface chemistry, dissolution, and toxicity (Cronholm Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11241-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jonas Hedberg [email protected] 1
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Stockholm, Sweden
et al. 2013; Hedberg et al. 2019a; Levard et al. 2013a; Levard et al. 2012; Levard et al. 2013b; Zhang et al. 2016). The toxic potency and the physico-chemical properties of the Ag NPs govern possible hazards on human health and the environment, combined with the a
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