Translocation, Leaf Distribution, and Nutritional Status of Manganese in Cucumber Plants as Affected by Foliar Applicati
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Translocation, Leaf Distribution, and Nutritional Status of Manganese in Cucumber Plants as Affected by Foliar Application of Exogenous Amino Acids Eskandari Samane1 Received: 18 June 2019 / Accepted: 5 November 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of exogenous amino acids (AAs) on leaf apoplastic retention and symplastic absorption, leaf distribution, translocation, and nutritional status of manganese (Mn) in cucumber plants. Results showed that application of AAs increased the symplastic to apoplastic Mn proportion in leaves of cucumber. Furthermore, a greater part of Mn applied with AAs accumulated in the internal area of newly growing leaves suggesting the transport of Mn mostly in the phloem in the presence of AAs. In contrast, Mn preferentially accumulated in the marginal area of treated leaves indicating the Mn movement in xylem according to the transpiration stream. The AAs used in the present study also increased the relative translocation of Mn from treated leaves to the upper leaves and roots. More time was needed for long-distance translocation of Mn from treated leaves to the upper leaves than that to the roots. Application of AAs mainly increased the transport of Mn in the phloem. The leaf PO (peroxidase) activity was the better marker to index the nutritional status of Mn than PPO (polyphenoloxidase) activity. In conclusion, exogenous AAs especially lysine (Lys) promoted the mobility and bioavailability of applied Mn as foliar spray. Keywords Amino acid · Cucumber · Manganese · Peroxidase Abbreviations AA Amino acid Ctrl Control Lys Lysine Met Methionine PO Peroxidase PPO Polyphenoloxidase
Introduction Manganese (Mn) is one of the most essential micronutrients with very important physiological functions in plant. This element has a key role in activation and as cofactor of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-10053-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Eskandari Samane [email protected] 1
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
various enzymes in plants (~35) (Mousavi et al. 2011). It is involved in structure of photosynthetic proteins and enzymes (Millaleo et al. 2010). Mn participates in many metabolic processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, amino acids (AAs) synthesis, and hormone activation in plants (Millaleo et al. 2010). Regarding the positive effects of Mn on plant yield, application of Mn fertilizers is very critical especially in arid and semi-arid soils, where availability of Mn is low and deficiency conditions may occur for crops. Low moisture in the soil can cause Mn deficiency. The transformation of Mn to its reduced and more soluble forms is enhanced in moist soil conditions (Hu and Schmidhalter 2005). On the other hand, in the major regions producing food such as United States, China
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