Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing of dopamine by using dihydroxylatopillar[5]arene-modified gold nanoparticles and
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing of dopamine by using dihydroxylatopillar[5]arene-modified gold nanoparticles and anionic pillar[5]arene-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride Xiaoping Tan 1 & Shuhua He 1 & Xi Liu 1 & Genfu Zhao 1 & Ting Huang 1 & Long Yang 1,2 Received: 21 May 2019 / Accepted: 20 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract An ultrasensitive and highly selective electrochemical method is described for the determination of dopamine (DA). It is based on the use of a multi-functional nanomaterial composed of water-soluble pillar[5]arene (WP5), dihydroxylatopillar[5]arene (2HP5)modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), with an architecture of type 2HP5@GNP@WP5@gC3N4. The modified GNPs were prepared in the presence of 2HP5 that acts as reducing agent and stabilizer in the formation of GNPs. 2HP5@GNP acts as an electrocatalyst in sensing DA. The WP5@g-C3N4 nanocomposite is obtained by π interaction between WP5 and g-C3N4 after sonication in the presence of WP5. The composite serves as a host for recognition and gathering DA on the surface of the electrode. The host-guest recognition mechanism between WP5 and DA is studied by 1H NMR and UVvis. The electrode, best operated at a working potential of 0.18 V (vs. SCE), works in the concentration range of 0.012–5.0 μM DA and has a 4 nM detection limit. Keywords Multicomponent nanomaterial . Hybrid materials . Nanomaterials synthesis . Macrocyclic hosts . Host-guest interaction . Molecular recognition . Functionalized pillar[5]arene . Supramolecular sensor . Sensing platform . Electrochemical detection
Introduction Introducing the supramolecular host-guest recognition strategy into the sensing system will overcome the key challenge of rational design sensor that is highly sensitive, selective, and work well-done in real environments [1, 2]. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3869-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Genfu Zhao [email protected] * Long Yang [email protected] 1
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China
2
Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
Supramolecular host-guest interaction is driven by intermolecular forces rather than covalent bonds, which makes them preferential candidates for sensors based on them several inherent features including the facile formation that supramolecular host-guest recognition is able to develop ordered and complex projects without covalent bond formation [3]. This can avoid lengthy and complicated synthetic procedures and facilitates the rapi
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