Usage potential of apple and carrot pomaces as raw materials for newly isolated yeast lipid-based biodiesel production
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Usage potential of apple and carrot pomaces as raw materials for newly isolated yeast lipid-based biodiesel production Sevgi Ertuğrul Karatay 1
&
Ekin Demiray 1 & Gönül Dönmez 1
Received: 18 September 2020 / Revised: 16 November 2020 / Accepted: 19 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract It is vital to determine the novel oleaginous yeasts for biodiesel production, and lignocellulosic by-products have various advantages as growth media for microbial lipid production. By this context, in this study, lipid accumulation capacities and biodiesel production potentials of two newly isolated yeasts (Candida albicans and Kluyveromyces marxianus) were investigated. Sustainable agricultural wastes such as carrot and apple pomaces were used for lipid accumulation experiments. Some critical parameters such as pH (3–6), initial pomace loading (6%–12%), nitrogen type (soy wheat, urea, whey, KNO3, NH4NO3, and NH4Cl), and concentration (0.25–1.5 g/L) of nitrogen sources, incubation time (24–96 h), and solvent type in lipid extraction (nhexane, chloroform:methanol, chloroform, methanol, and ethanol) were optimized. The maximum lipid concentrations and total C16 + C18 fatty acid methyl ester yields were found as 41.3% and 74.1% for C. albicans and 37.8% and 84.6% for K. marxianus, respectively. Because of some critical fuel properties of the fatty acid methyl esters such as cetane number, kinematic viscosity, and iodine value that were matched well with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, this study shows that apple and carrot pomaces are promising feedstocks for yeast lipid-based biodiesel production. Keywords Yeast . Biodiesel . Carrot pomace . Apple pomace . Microbial lipid
1 Introduction The energy demand of the increasing population makes it necessary to research alternative energy sources. For this reason, ensure access to economical, reliable, and sustainable energy has been proposed as “Goal 7” by the UN [1]. Because the nonrenewable fossil-based fuels are responsible for approximately 60% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, extensive researches are carried out for environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources. Among them, biodiesel is considered as one of the most promising ones [2–4] and it can be obtained from renewable sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms in addition to waste oils [5–7]. However, high cost, affecting by climatic conditions and usage of some edible products such as plant oils, have occurred ethical concerns about biodiesel production [8]. For these reasons, biodiesel
* Sevgi Ertuğrul Karatay [email protected] 1
Biology Department, Science Faculty, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
production from microbial lipids obtained from yeast, fungi, or photosynthetic microorganisms are promising alternatives for conventional biodiesel raw materials. Moreover, some microorganisms have advantages such as high lipid content and growth rate [9]. For the mentioned reasons above, in the literature, there
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