Virulence of Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins: an updated review
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REVIEW
Virulence of Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins: an updated review Chenjing Xu 1 & Djaleel Muhammad Soyfoo 2 & Yao Wu 1 & Shunfu Xu 1,2 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with some gastric diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. CagA and VacA are known virulence factors of H. pylori, which play a vital role in severe clinical outcomes. Additionally, the expression of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) helps H. pylori attach to gastric epithelial cells at the primary stage and increases the virulence of H. pylori. In this review, we have summarized the paralogs of H. pylori OMPs, their genomic loci, and the different receptors of OMPs identified so far. We focused on five OMPs, BabA (HopS), SabA (HopP), OipA (HopH), HopQ, and HopZ, and one family of OMPs: Hom. We highlight the coexpression of OMPs with other virulence factors and their relationship with clinical outcomes. In conclusion, OMPs are closely related to the pathogenic processes of adhesion, colonization, persistent infection, and severe clinical consequences. They are potential targets for the prevention and treatment of H. pylori–related diseases. Keywords Helicobacter pylori . Outer membrane proteins . Virulence factors
Introduction Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes mainly the surface of the gastric epithelium and is an essential human pathogen that was discovered in the twentieth century. The prevalence of H. pylori is probably 44.3% of the entire human population [1]. According to the statistics, its prevalence is 34.7% in developed countries and 50.8% in developing countries, and the worldwide annual recurrence rate is 4.3% [2]. Although the global infection rate of H. pylori is high, a large proportion of infected people have no apparent symptoms and only show * Shunfu Xu [email protected] Chenjing Xu [email protected] Djaleel Muhammad Soyfoo [email protected] Yao Wu [email protected] 1
Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
2
Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
gastritis under an endoscope [3, 4]. However, these asymptomatic or endoscopic gastritis patients may develop changes in their condition. More severe conditions include peptic ulcer (PU), gastric cancer (GC), and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma [4]. The outcome of infection depends mainly on the interactions among H. pylori, the stomach, and the environment [5, 6]. For developing countries with high infection rates and low economic levels, eradication of H. pylori with antibiotics to prevent serious diseases is the most effective and relatively cheaper method being currently applied [7]. The outer membrane is the outer barrier of Gram-negative bacteria, which consists of two highly asymmetric layers—the inner monolayer contains only phospholipids and the outer monolayer consists mainly of outer membrane pro
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