Visual upconversion nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay for the semi-quantitative detection of sibutramine
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RESEARCH PAPER
Visual upconversion nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay for the semi-quantitative detection of sibutramine Shi-Wei Zhang 1,2 & Yan-Yan Sun 3 & Yuan-Ming Sun 1 & Hong Wang 1 & Zhen-Feng Li 4 & Zhen-Lin Xu 1 Received: 6 July 2020 / Revised: 17 August 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Immunochromatographic assay (ICA) has been used widely for the onsite monitoring of illegal additives due to its simplicity, speed, and low cost. However, a scanner is commonly required for ICA to achieve quantitative results. In this work, we developed a visual semi-quantitative ICA for sibutramine, a banned additive in diet foods, without the need for a scanner for measurement. Monoclonal antibodies specific for sibutramine were raised and conjugated with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the luminescent tracer. ICA was developed by employing multiple test lines to achieve the semi-quantitative detection of sibutramine. Based on the optimal conditions, the cutoff levels (limit of quantitation, LOQ) of T1 line, T2 line, T3 line, and T4 line were 0.02 μg/mL, 0.15 μg/mL, 1.0 μg/mL, and 7.5 μg/mL, respectively, in buffer system. The ICA demonstrated a LOQ at 0.2 mg/kg for sibutramine in diet food samples. The assay (including pretreatment) can be finished within 30 min without the aid of other instruments, except a laser pen. No false positive or false negative results were observed. The results indicated that the proposed method was reliable, simple, and rapid for the screening of sibutramine abuse in diet food samples. Keywords Sibutramine . Upconversion nanoparticles . Immunochromatographic assay . Semi-quantitative . Diet food
Introduction Sibutramine is a type of synthetic diet drug commonly added to diet foods, where the main mechanism is induced by the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, mediated by a dopaminergic
* Yan-Yan Sun [email protected] * Zhen-Lin Xu [email protected] 1
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/ Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
2
National Nutrition Food Testing Center, Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
3
Department of Anaesthesiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
4
Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
cell 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor. Furthermore, sibutramine inhibits the 5-hydroxytryptamine translocator as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and increases the synaptic cleft 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration in a simultaneous fashion. Therefore, the hypothalamic satiety center becomes stimulated, appetite gets suppressed, absorption of carbohydrates is reduced, and weight loss may be achieved [1]. However, in addition to constipation, abdominal distension, elevation of blood pressure, insomnia,
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