Determination of trace aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) residue in milk by an immunochromatographic assay based on (PEI/PSS) 4 red si
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Determination of trace aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) residue in milk by an immunochromatographic assay based on (PEI/PSS)4 red silica nanoparticles Zixian Su 1 & Guangying Zhao 1 & Wenchao Dou 2 Received: 29 August 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) residues in milk pose a major threat to human health, so there is an urgent need for a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of trace AFM1 in milk. In this study, a competitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA), using visual (PEI/PSS)4 red silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) as signal amplification probes, was used for the highly sensitive detection of AFM1. The (PEI/PSS)4 red SiNPs were used to label AFM1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to prepare ICA for the detection of AFM1. After exploring the optimal conditions of mAb and immunoprobe dosage conditions, the lowest visual detection limit (VDL) of AFM1 in phosphate-buffered saline with Tween 20 (PBST, 10 mM, pH 7.4, containing 1% BSA, 3% sucrose, 1% trehalose, and 0.5% Tween 20) can reach 0.1 pg/mL. The intuitive visually visible value of AFM1 in both PBST and milk was 10 pg/mL. The results showed that the immunochromatographic system based on high chroma color (PEI/PSS)4 red SiNPs has high sensitivity and broad application prospects for the detection of trace AFM1 residues in milk. The high chroma (PEI/PSS)4 red SiNPs are expected to be a convenient biomarker for improving the sensitivity of immune chromatography bands. Keywords Aflatoxin M1 . Immunochromatographic assay . (PEI/PSS)4 red silica nanoparticles . Electrostatic forces
Introduction Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxyl metabolite produced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) which can enter the body of humans and mammals through diet [1–3]. It mainly exists in milk and various dairy products and is a powerful natural carcinogen produced by fungi except for AFB1 [4, 5]. Since 2002, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization (WHO) has listed it as a class I carcinogen [6, 7]. Dairy products contaminated by AFM1 are seriously harmful to health, so strict limit standards have been
* Wenchao Dou [email protected] 1
Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2
School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Zhejiang 310024, Hangzhou, China
set for it in milk and its products at home and abroad, such as the European Union which stipulates that the content of AFM1 in fresh milk, pasteurized milk, and its dairy products should not exceed 0.05 ng/g, and the content of AFM1 in infant formula food should not exceed 0.025 ng/g [8, 9]. The limit standard of AFM1 in milk and infant milk powder in China is 0.5 ng/g [10]. Therefore, it is a great challenge to realize the trace monitoring of AFM1 in dairy products. The traditional instrument detection methods of AFM1 mainly include liquid chromatography–tandem ma
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