A New Ultrasound Assisted-Cloud Point Extraction Method for the Determination of Trace Levels of Tin and Antimony in Foo
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A New Ultrasound Assisted-Cloud Point Extraction Method for the Determination of Trace Levels of Tin and Antimony in Food and Beverages by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Nail Altunay 1 & Ramazan Gürkan 1 & Emre Yıldırım 1
Received: 19 December 2015 / Accepted: 16 March 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract In the current study, a new ultrasonic-assisted cloud-point extraction (UA-CPE) method for the preconcentration and determination of antimony and tin in the selected food and beverages was developed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method is based on the fact that formation of the stable ternary complexes of Sb(III) and Sn(IV) with 2-(2,4dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one (morin) in presence of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) as both sensitivity improvement auxiliary ligand and counter ion, and then extraction into the micellar phase of poly(ethylene glycol-mono-p-nonylphenylether (PONPE 7.5) as extracting agent at pH 8.5. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves for Sb(III) and Sn(IV) were rectilinear with changing calibration sensitivities in ranges of 0.1–140 and 0.1–225 μg L−1, respectively. The limit of detection for both Sb(III) and Sn(IV) was 0.03 μg L−1 with sensitivity enhancement factor of 114.5 and 110.6, respectively. The precision as a relative standard deviation (RSD) for Sb(III) and Sn(IV) is in range of 2.3–5.2 and 2.6–5.4 %, respectively. Highlights ✓ A new UA-CPE method was developed for determination of Sb(III) and Sn(IV) in real samples by FAAS. ✓ The method is based on ternary complex formation with morin in presence of CTAB at pH 8.5. ✓ Vortex mixing was used to increase the mass transfer rate into the micellar phase. ✓ More efficient complex formation was provided with ultrasonic effect. ✓ Detection limit for both Sb(III) and Sn(IV) was 0.03 μg L−1. * Nail Altunay [email protected]
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
The trueness of the method was verified by analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs). The method was successfully applied to determination of antimony and tin in the selected food and beverage matrices. Keywords Antimony . Tin . UA-CPE . FAAS . Food/ Beverages . Food safety
Introduction Determination of elements in foods and beverages is not an easy task due to the complexity of the matrix, resulting in the necessity of proper sample preparation before analysis by FAAS. On the other side, the amounts of antimony and tin in the samples are also a major factor in choosing the suitable detection technique. Researches in analytical chemistry show that the most of the studies done dealing with analysis of water, foods, and beverages are devoted to determination of important elements such as antimony and tin as well as other metal/metalloids to human health and environment until now. Considering the safety of the foods and beverages, levels of both toxic and trace essential elements should be known. Among various trace element
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