Analysis of porcine parvoviruses in tonsils and hearts from healthy pigs reveals high prevalence and genetic diversity i
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Analysis of porcine parvoviruses in tonsils and hearts from healthy pigs reveals high prevalence and genetic diversity in Germany Andre´ Felipe Streck • Timo Homeier • Tessa Foerster • Stefan Fischer • Uwe Truyen
Received: 16 October 2012 / Accepted: 7 December 2012 / Published online: 22 January 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Wien 2013
Abstract In the present study, tonsils and hearts from 100 pigs were collected in a German slaughterhouse in 2010 and tested for porcine parvoviruses (PPV, PPV2, PPV3 and PPV4). PPV was observed in 60 of 100 hearts and 61 of 100 tonsils, and PPV2 was observed in 55 of 100 hearts and 78 of 100 tonsils. PPV3 and PPV4 were found in 20 and 7, respectively, of the 100 tonsils tested, but not in the heart samples. Positive samples of PPV, PPV2 and PPV3 were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis revealed at least two distinct lineages for each virus in the German samples. The high detection rate of PPV, PPV2 and PPV3 in healthy animals and their genetic diversity highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of these viruses and their zoonotic potential. Introduction Parvoviruses are small DNA viruses that infect a variety of animal hosts, in which they may cause asymptomatic or Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1603-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. F. Streck T. Homeier T. Foerster U. Truyen (&) Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany e-mail: [email protected] A. F. Streck CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Setor Banca´rio Norte, Quadra 2, Bloco L, Lote 06, Brası´lia 70040-020, Brazil S. Fischer Veterinary and Food Monitoring Office, am Schlachthof 8a, 06667 Weißenfels, Germany
subclinical infections as well as severe or even fatal disease. These viruses belong to the family Parvoviridae, which is sub-classified into two subfamilies: Densovirinae and Parvovirinae [21]. The latter includes the genera whose members are most important for veterinary and human medicine (Amdovirus, Bocavirus, Dependovirus, Erythrovirus and Parvovirus). Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered to be one of the major causes of reproductive failure in swine. Clinical signs of PPV infection include the recurrence of estrus, abortion and the delivery of mummified and stillborn fetuses (reviewed by Truyen and Streck [22]), usually described with the acronym SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility). It has already been demonstrated that PPV has a high substitution rate in the capsid gene, similar to that of other parvoviruses and RNA viruses [15, 16, 19]. Therefore, the emergence of new PPV strains may interfere with the efficacy of the currently used vaccines, and continuous monitoring of the swine population for PPV is recommended. In recent years, using molecular techniques, the DNA sequences of several
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