Antibacterial, anti-efflux, anti-biofilm, anti-slime (exopolysaccharide) production and urease inhibitory efficacies of
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Antibacterial, anti‑efflux, anti‑biofilm, anti‑slime (exopolysaccharide) production and urease inhibitory efficacies of novel synthesized gold nanoparticles coated Anthemis atropatana extract against multidrug‑ resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains Milad Khosravi1 · Amir Mirzaie1 · Aliasghar Bagheri Kashtali1 · Hassan Noorbazargan2 Received: 5 April 2020 / Revised: 24 May 2020 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, the antibacterial, anti-efflux, anti-biofilm, anti-slime (exopolysaccharide) production and urease inhibitory efficacies of green synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated Anthemis atropatana extract against multidrug- resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were evaluated. The green synthesized AuNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), particle size distribution, zeta potential and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, antibacterial, anti-slime (exopolysaccharide) production, anti-biofilm and anti-efflux activities of AuNPs were investigated using micro-dilation, Congored agar, microtiter plate and MIC of ethidium bromide methods, respectively. Subsequently, the expression of mrkA, wzm and acrB genes was evaluated using quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). The synthesized AuNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against MDR strains of K. pneumoniae (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25–50 µg/ml), as well as showed significant anti-slime (exopolysaccharide) production, anti-biofilm and anti-efflux activities against MDR strains. AuNPs showed significant inhibition against jack-bean urease and down-regulated the expression of mrkA, wzm and acrB genes. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxic activity confirmed by MTT assay on the HEK-293 normal cell line showed negligible cytotoxicity. Thus, the present study suggests the potential use of AuNPs in the development of novel therapeutics for the prevention of biofilm-associated K. pneumoniae infections. Keywords Multidrug- resistant · Klebsiella pneumoniae · Gold nanoparticles · Antibacterial · Anti-biofilm
Introduction
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01930-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Amir Mirzaie [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that is an important pathogen in nosocomial infections including respiratory and urinary tract infections (Delarampour et al. 2020). It is also associated with infections such as septicemia in hospitalized patients and most of its infections can be acute and ch
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