Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic effect and characterization of marine bivalve extracts Cerastoderma glaucum
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RESEARCH PAPER
Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic effect and characterization of marine bivalve extracts Cerastoderma glaucum Mohamed H. Mona1 · Gihan M. El‑Khodary2 · Nahla E. Omran1 · Karolin K. Abd El‑Aziz2 · Salwa A. El‑Saidy2 Received: 2 June 2020 / Accepted: 17 October 2020 © Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 2020
Abstract Cerastoderma glaucum, a marine bivalve inhabiting Lake Timsah, is surrounded by different pathogenic organisms. The present study evaluates the antimicrobial activities, cytotoxicity and characterization of C. glaucum extracts. Chloroform, methanol and acidic tissue extracts were prepared from C. glaucum collected during winter and summer seasons. Winter acidic extract exhibits potent antimicrobial activities against 21 bacterial, 2 yeast and 2 viral strains. The inhibition zone of this extract ranges from 10 mm against Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Globicatella sulfidifaciens and Bacillus (B. badius, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. pumilus) to 24 mm against Shigella flexneri. Also, the inhibition viral activities of this extract at a concentration of 62.5 µg ml−1 against Hepatitis A virus and Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are 62.383% and 57.035%, respectively, with low cytotoxicity of 24.030%. Furthermore, winter acidic extract of C. glaucum has the highest total protein contents (9.8 mg ml−1) compared with the other extracts. Moreover, the sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicates the presence of four clear low molecular weight peptides bands; 8.588, 7.237, 4.423 and 2.692 kDa. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis indicates the presence of 12 functional groups of proteins in winter acidic extract of C. glaucum at appropriate wavelengths. Keywords Bivalves · Antimicrobial · Antiviral · Gel electrophoresis · Fourier transform infrared · Bioactive compounds
1 Introduction Marine bivalves live under the highest microbial concentrations in seawater, approximately 106 bacteria/ml and 109 virus/ml of seawater (Diaz 2010). So, they need to have vigorous immune system strategies. The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute the first line of these defense strategies against invading microorganisms to survive in this marine environment (Falanga et al. 2016; Zannella et al. 2017). Marine bivalves are considered one such rich source of these AMPs that possess various biological activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, etc. (Galdiero et al. 2015). The AMPs show antimicrobial properties, and provide a rapid and immediate response against the invading microbes (Boman 1995; Bartlett et al. 2002). They are small * Salwa A. El‑Saidy [email protected] 1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
2
peptides, less than 60 amino acids and less than 10 kDa in mass, and are triggered immediately after microbial infection. Their value in innate immunity lies on their ability to function without either hig
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