Microplastics
Microplastics (MPs) released into the oceans rapidly become colonized by a wide range of microorganisms and other biota. Phototrophic cells such as cyanobacteria and diatoms are the first to attach, but these are normally overtaken by proteobacteria, prio
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Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary Microplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colonization of Microplastics by Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Plastisphere Biofilm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microplastics as Vectors of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microplastic Interactions with Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) released into the oceans rapidly become colonized by a wide range of microorganisms and other biota. Phototrophic cells such as cyanobacteria and diatoms are the first to attach, but these are normally overtaken by proteobacteria, prior to the attachment of eukaryotes such as fungi and metazoa. The plastisphere (the ecosystem on the immersed plastic surface) is unique and may be specific to the type of plastic, depending on environmental conditions. Once colonized, the plastic surface is changed and the particles may sink to the benthos, or be carried on ocean currents to other waters, acting as rafts for invasive biota. MPs may be ingested by marine organisms. Cells in the surface biofilm are protected against external factors, partially by their exopolymeric layer (EPS), and transmission between other aquatic compartments may have disastrous effects on the ecosystems. Potentially pathogenic organisms have been J. A. Baptista Neto (*) · E. M. da Fonseca Department of Geology and Geophysics/LAGEMAR – Laboratório de Geologia Marinha, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] C. Gaylarde Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Oklahoma University, Norman, OK, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 T. Rocha-Santos et al. (eds.), Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_17-1
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detected in the plastisphere by DNA analysis; this has implications for control of human, fish, and coral diseases, but definitive proof is lacking. Bacteria capable of degrading plastics have also be
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