Catalytic synthesis of renewable p -xylene from biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran: a mini review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Catalytic synthesis of renewable p-xylene from biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran: a mini review Saikat Dutta 1
&
Navya Subray Bhat 1
Received: 25 July 2020 / Revised: 16 September 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this work, the renewable synthesis of p-xylene (PX) from biomass-derived carbohydrates has been reviewed. PX is a crucial chemical feedstock and an essential starting material of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PX can be produced selectively by the Diels-Alder reaction between ethylene and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) followed by catalytic dehydration of the oxanorbornene adduct. DMF is primarily produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), a furanic intermediate produced by the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis/dehydration of biomass-derived hexoses. With ethylene being sourced by dehydrating bioethanol, PET can be made biorenewable in its entirety. The atom economy and carbon efficiency of converting glucose into PX have been calculated. The existing literature (both theoretical and experimental) on the catalytic production of PX from DMF and ethylene are summarized, and future directions on this research have been proposed. The effect of Brønsted and Lewis acidity, porosity, and surface area of the heterogeneous catalysts on the selectivity and yield of PX have been highlighted. In addition, the techno-economic analysis of renewable PET, its future prospects based on the petroleum market, and the possibility of a circular economy of PET using chemical and enzymatic recycling strategies have been discussed. Keywords Biomass . 2,5-Dimethylfuran . Polyethylene terephthalate . Renewable polymer . p-xylene
1 Introduction Over the past decade, there have been monumental developments in emission-free, ultra-clean energy technologies in a bid to supplant petrofuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel) in the transportation sector [1–3]. However, the chemical industries continue to rely primarily on the petrochemical feedstock [4]. With the economic, societal, and environmental uncertainties arising out of the widespread use of petroleum, biomass has received serious attention in the past two decades as a renewable source of carbon for a sustainable biocommodity industry [5–7]. The non-food, terrestrial lignocellulosic (e.g., agricultural residues, forestry wastes), and algal biomass can be the economically competitive carbon-based feedstock for the renewable production of transportation fuels, chemicals, and materials [8, 9]. Interestingly, biomass was the source of
* Saikat Dutta [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, India
various fuels and chemicals even before the commercial adoption of petroleum [10]. Over the past decades, an increasing amount of petroleum is being directed to produce various synthetic polymers. With a perpetual increase in the demand for polymeric materials, there has been a coordinated effort bet
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