Determination of Fipronil toxicity by different biomarkers in gill and liver tissue of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus myki
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Determination of Fipronil toxicity by different biomarkers in gill and liver tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Arzu Uçar 1
&
Veysel Parlak 2 & Fatma Betül Özgeriş 3 & Aslı Çilingir Yeltekin 4 & Gonca Alak 1 & Muhammed Atamanalp 1
Received: 11 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 July 2020 / Editor: Tetsuji Okamoto # The Society for In Vitro Biology 2020
Abstract Insecticides that disrupt the healthy functioning of the ecosystem have toxic potential on non-target organisms. Fish, an important component of the aquatic ecosystem, are exposed to these pesticides in different ways. The stress response is regarded as an adaptive mechanism that allows the fish to cope with the perceived stressor to maintain its normal or homeostatic state. This mechanism is determined by antioxidant parameters and oxidative stress indicators measured in gill and liver tissue of rainbow trout. Accordingly, the effects of fipronil (FP) insecticide on the physiology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were determined with using the different biomarkers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), malondialdehyde (MDA), paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG)), and caspase 3 activity) in this study. Different doses of FP inhibited antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout liver and gill tissues while inducing oxidative stress parameter (MDA, MPO, and 8-OHdG) levels. Also, caspase-3 activity was increased in liver and gill tissue, but this increase was statistically significant only in gill tissue (p < 0.05). When the results of the study were taken into consideration, it was concluded that different doses of FP insecticide caused physiological changes in rainbow trout and the studied parameters were usable biomarkers in explaining the adaptive response of stress factor. Keywords Fipronil . O. mykiss . Antioxidant enzyme activities . 8-OHdG . Caspase 3
Introduction Insecticides, used to neutralize target organisms, have an important place among environmental pollutants. These toxic compounds have toxic potential in non-target organisms, including fish (Fulton et al. 2014). It is also effective on sensitive species of biota, disrupting the healthy functioning of the ecosystem, even at very low concentrations (Chagnon et al. 2015; Ambreen and Javed 2015; Gilbert 2016). Like other aquatic organisms, fish are exposed to high insecticides throughout their lifecycles and absorb these substances
through contaminated food, respiration, and skin (Banaee 2013). Fish, representing the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates, are used as excellent experimental models for toxicological research, in particular to demonstrate the effects of pollutants on aquatic systems (Wu et al. 2014; Yancheva et al. 2015). Also, they are ideal organisms to analyze the effect of the toxicant as they are directly exposed to environmental stressors. Fipronil is a broad spectrum and highly effective phenylpyrazole insecticide. In recent years, the use of FP as an insectici
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