Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Caffeine and Vanillin by Using Poly(Alizarin Red S) Modified Glassy Carbon
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Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Caffeine and Vanillin by Using Poly(Alizarin Red S) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Hayati Filik 1 & Asiye Aslıhan Avan 1 & Yasemin Mümin 1
Received: 31 March 2016 / Accepted: 20 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Poly(alizarin red S) conducting polymer was prepared on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surfaces, and the functionalized electrode was used for the simultaneous determination of caffeine (CAF) and vanillin (VAN). The peak potential separation for caffeine and vanillin was about 600 mV in 0.1 M acetate buffer solution (pH 4.0). The peak currents for the oxidation of both CAF and VAN are increased at poly(alizarin red S) (poly(ARS)) functionalized electrode, which makes it suitable for simultaneous detection of these compounds. The square wave voltanmmetry peak current of VAN was linear with the concentration of VAN from 0.5 to 250 μM in the presence of 250 μM CAF. The detection limit of VAN was found to be 0.06 μM in the presence of CAF. At the same time, the peak current of CAF was linear with the concentration of CAF from 10 to 450 μM with a detection limit of 0.8 μM (S/N = 3) in the presence of 30 μM VAN. The poly(ARS) functionalized GCE has good reproducibility and high stability. In addition, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine CAF and VAN in energy drink and vanilla sugar samples with good results.
Keywords Caffeine . Vanillin . Simultaneous determination . Voltammetry . Alizarin red S . Food analysis
* Hayati Filik [email protected]
1
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
Introduction Caffeine (1, 3,7-trimethylxanthine) and vanillin (4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzaldehde, are two common additives and often coexist in various foods, drinks, and other products (Jiang et al. 2014). However, excessive levels of CAF and VAN can cause to some undesirable results to their consumers. Too much CAF can usually be treated with no long-term health problems, but this condition can be deadly, especially for younger patients, such as infants and toddlers (Mandel 2002; Kerrigan and Lindsey 2005). The suggested amount of CAF is normally 400 mg per day (equivalent to 4 to 5 cups of coffee) for healthy adults. High CAF consumption can also worsen preexisting health conditions, such as anxiety (Nawrot et al. 2003). Vanillin is the most important constituent of vanilla flavor. The bulk of the VAN produced was used as a flavoring agent in different foods. The highest amount of VAN can also cause potential damage to human liver and kidney (FAO/ WHO Codex alimentarius 1993). Therefore, monitoring the levels of these compounds is of great importance and has always been the target of researchers. Several modern analytical methods have been evolved for the determination of CAF (Zou and Li 2006; Verenitch et al. 2006; Khorrami and Rashidpur 2012; Gardinali and Zhao 2007; Al-Othman et al. 2012; Hadad et al. 2012; Rostagno et al. 2011; Injac et al. 2008; Singh and Sa
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