Development of the Low-Cost and Green Hibiscus cannabinus Bioadsorbent for the Removal of Dye in Wastewater
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Development of the Low-Cost and Green Hibiscus cannabinus Bioadsorbent for the Removal of Dye in Wastewater Yugadarshni Samudra Raja1 · Mohamad Fakhrul Ridhwan Samsudin1 · Suriati Sufian1,2 Received: 26 April 2020 / Accepted: 23 October 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Ecofriendly bioadsorbent derived from the agricultural industrial waste shown promising potential as the next generation of green adsorbent for the wastewater treatment applications. A low-cost and green bioadsorbent activated carbon of Hibiscus cannabinus or known as Kenaf was activated using KOH and carbonized at 600 °C, prior to the thermally activated at 400 °C. The SEM micrograph analysis shows that the as-developed bioadsorbent Kenaf possesses a plate-like structure with an orderly porous attribute which will enhance the adsorption process. It was found that the initial dye concentration and the adsorbent dosage are the dominant factors for the dye adsorption. Moreover, adsorption kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption of the methylene blue follows the pseudo-second-order model (R2 0.9700) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 0.9834). The maximum adsorption capacity for methylene blue based on the Taguchi experimental design matrix was 154.0 mg/g within 1 h. Keywords Methylene blue · Kenaf · Adsorption · Activated carbon · Adsorbent
1 Introduction Water is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. Recently water pollution has become a subject of great concern due to the unrestricted release of lethal substances [1]. Dyes are an important class of pollutants present in the industrial effluents. Wastewater from textile industries contains a great amount of harmful synthetic dyes that are discharged into rivers without proper treatment [2]. Methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, is most commonly used as a coloring agent on temporary hair, wool, leather, silk, wool, and paper. It is used as an oxidation–reduction indicator in analytical chemistry [3, 4]. It is also used as a staining agent during surgery and diagnostic examinations.
Yugadarshni Samudra Raja and Mohamad Fakhrul Ridhwan Samsudin have contributed equally to this work.
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Suriati Sufian [email protected]
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
2
Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
Acute or delayed exposure to dyes can contribute to ecological and adverse health issues. It has been medically proven that dye exposure can lead to mild bladder irritation, dizziness, headache, nausea, jaundice, quadriplegia, tissue necrosis, or stomach cramps [5]. Importantly, some dyes are toxic and carcinogenic. Dyes are hardly degraded or eliminated due to their complex structure and synthetic origins [6]. Thus, dye removal from the effluent before discharge is a challenging effort [7]. To date, membrane technologies, photocatalysis, and adsorption have
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