Dysbiosis of Oral Microbiota and Its Effect on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: a Review
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MEDICINE
Dysbiosis of Oral Microbiota and Its Effect on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: a Review Sourangshu Chakraborti 1 & Raunak Kumar Das 1 Accepted: 2 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Malignancies of the oral cavity are common all over the world as well as in India. It has been estimated that, on an average, 70–80% of oral cancers are caused by excessive chewing of betel nut and areca nut and smoking. The cancers arise from various pre-existing potentially malignant lesions and conditions, which are aggravated by various pathogenic oral microbiome. The existing literature credits microbial dysbiosis as one of the key factors behind a number of oral diseases. Interaction between oral epithelial cells and microbes endows oral cells with the capability of undergoing invasion and metastasis. This microbial interference to the transformed epithelial cells promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a physiological process which allows polarized epithelial cells to mimic mesenchymal phenotype through various biochemical and molecular changes. Epithelial cell interacts with basal membrane via basal cells. EMT induces the invasiveness of these cells leading to metastasis, resistance to apoptosis, and increased production of extracellular matrix components. They degrade the basement membrane and form mesenchymal-like cells that migrate away from the epithelial layer. Microbial intervention causes downregulation of important epithelial markers like Ecadherin and β-catenin along with upregulation of mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin. The current review tries to discuss the role of oral microbiota in hastening the process of EMT and the possible mechanisms involved in it. Keywords Oral Microbiome . Dysbiosis . Oral cancer . Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Introduction Oral cancer is the 16th most common cancer in the world, and in 2018, it was responsible for about 354,864 new cases and 177,384 deaths as per GLOBOCAN’18 [1]. India accounts for nearly one-third of the global oral cancer statistics (119,992 new cases and 72,616 deaths annually) [2]. Globally, 246,420 new cases in males and 108,444 in females along with 119,693 mortalities in males and 57,691 in females were recorded in 2018 [1]. This indicates that males are more prone to be affected by this disease. Almost 70–80% of oral carcinomas arise due to the habit of smoking and chewing betel nut and tobacco. Consumption of alcohol aggravates the condition [3] and genetic susceptibility and malnutrition can also be contributing factors. It has been This article is part of the Topical Collection on Medicine * Raunak Kumar Das [email protected] 1
Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular & Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
found that infection by various microbes such as viruses (human papilloma virus and Epstein-Barr virus), bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum) [4], and f
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