Effect of silicon on tritrophic interaction of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (Linnaeus), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homopt
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of silicon on tritrophic interaction of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (Linnaeus), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and the predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Asim Abbasi1 · Muhammad Sufyan1 · Muhammad Jalal Arif1 · Shahbaz Talib Sahi2 Received: 2 December 2019 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The development of resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) against a number of conventional and new chemistry insecticides has encouraged researchers to exploit some eco-friendly integrated pest management approaches to keep the pest population below their threshold levels. In the current laboratory trials, a free choice cotton leaf-disc assay was conducted to check the effect of silicon on oviposition preference of B. tabaci. Moreover, a predator–prey bioassay was also conducted to compare the developmental and reproductive traits of the predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) when offered B. tabaci that had either been fed on silicon-treated or untreated cotton plants. The results indicate that silicon treatments significantly reduced the oviposition preference of B. tabaci, however, a more profound effect was observed in the case of foliar applications of silicon as compared to its drenching treatments. Similarly, leaf discs harvested from plants treated with SiO2 showed a significant decline in the number of oviposited eggs as compared to K2SiO3 treatments. However, silicon application did not induce any indirect negative effect on the developmental and reproductive traits of the predator, C. carnea except for its fecundity which might be affected due to feeding on poorer quality host. The current results suggest that feeding of silicon exposed prey does not inflict any direct harmful effects on the biology of predator, C. carnea, hence their integration can be a promising crop protection strategy to encounter the challenges of resistance development in B. tabaci. Keywords Developmental · Indirect effect · Oviposition preference · Reproductive · Resistance
Introduction Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a devastating cosmopolitan sap-sucking insect of a number of economically important greenhouse and field crops (Oliveira et al. 2001; Jones 2003; Tay et al. 2017). Whitefly is recognized as a cryptic species complex Communicated by Yulin Gao and Heikki Hokkanen. * Asim Abbasi [email protected] * Muhammad Sufyan 1
Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
2
comprising about 34 morphologically indistinguishable species belonging to 11 genetically distinct well-defined groups (Dinsdale et al. 2010; De Barro et al. 2011). Bemisia tabaci limits plant growth by feeding on the cell sap, induction of various plant physiological disorders and secretion of the honeydew (Horowitz et al. 20
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