Effects of Triacontanol and Light on Stomatal and Photochemical Responses in Solanum lycopersicum L.
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Effects of Triacontanol and Light on Stomatal and Photochemical Responses in Solanum lycopersicum L. Emilia Ramos‑Zambrano1 · Tomás Ernesto Juárez‑Yáñez1 · Daniel Tapia‑Maruri1 · Brenda Hildeliza Camacho‑Díaz1 · Antonio Ruperto Jiménez‑Aparicio1 · Alma Leticia Martínez‑Ayala1 Received: 30 May 2019 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Triacontanol is a long-chain alcohol that is considered to be a plant growth promoter. Exogenous application of triacontanol increases dry and fresh weight, plant height, branching, stem and root length, yield, and other biochemical parameters; it also reduces the effect of different stressors. In this work, the effects of triacontanol on stomatal regulation and photochemical parameters in tomato plants exposed to three irradiance levels (100, 200, and 600 μmol m−2 s−1) were examined. Low and high irradiance levels caused a stress response in plants; photosystem II efficiency (ΦPSII) and photosynthetic-irradiance parameters were diminished. Triacontanol only reversed the negative effects of high irradiance, increasing photochemical response and photosynthetic-irradiance parameters. Moreover, a large population of low chloroplast number, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance were stimulated by triacontanol application. In relation to stomatal function, triacontanol had no effect on stomatal density; however, it affected stomatal size and morphology at the three irradiance levels evaluated. Bioassays in epidermal peels showed a direct effect on the stomatal aperture and an increase in aperture size in both light and dark conditions in triacontanol treatments. This is the first report of the role of triacontanol in the regulation of stomata and photochemical responses in relation to irradiance stress. Keywords Growth promoter · Irradiance · Stomatal regulation · Photochemical reaction · Chloroplast
Introduction Triacontanol (TRIA) is a long-chain alcohol ( C30H61OH) found either in free or esterified form in the cuticular wax of plants and fruits and within waxes that make up the germ, kernel, seed coat, shell, and skin of various nuts, as well as animal wax secretions. Due to its broad properties, ranging from pharmacological activities to its effects as a promoter of plant growth, TRIA has been obtained from numerous sources, including sugarcane cuticle, alfalfa plants, agave, rice seed, sorghum, peanut, Perilla sp. (Méndez et al. 2003; Irmak and Dunford 2005; Adhikari et al. 2006; Cherif et al.
Handling Editor: Parvaiz Ahmad. * Alma Leticia Martínez‑Ayala [email protected] 1
Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Col. San Isidro, Km. 6, calle CEPROBI No. 8, 62731 Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico
2010; Ertani et al. 2013), and animal sources, such as beeswax, wax of Ericerus pela (Jia and Zhao 2004) and, recently, cochineal wax (Ramos et al. 2019). Regarding its activity as a growth promoter, this component has been used to increase the
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