Evaluation of the in vitro biocompatibility of PMMA/high-load HA/carbon nanostructures bone cement formulations
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Evaluation of the in vitro biocompatibility of PMMA/high-load HA/carbon nanostructures bone cement formulations Gil Gonc¸alves • Marı´a-Teresa Portole´s • Cecilia Ramı´rez-Santilla´n • Marı´a Vallet-Regı´ • Ana Paula Serro • Jose´ Gra´cio • Paula A. A. P. Marques
Received: 27 February 2013 / Accepted: 12 August 2013 / Published online: 21 August 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Although commercially-available poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement is widely used in total joint replacements, it has many shortcomings, a major one being that it does not osseointegrate with the contiguous structures. We report on the in vitro evaluation of the biocompatibility of modified formulations of the cement in which a high loading of hydroxyapatite (67 wt/wt%), an extra amount of benzoyl peroxide, and either 0.1 wt/wt% functionalized carbon nanotubes or 0.5 wt/wt% graphene oxide was added to the cement powder and an extra amount of dimethyl-p-toluidiene was added to the cement’s liquid monomer. This evaluation was done using mouse L929 fibroblasts and human Saos-2 osteoblasts. For each combination of cement formulation and cell type, there was high cell viability, low apoptosis, and extensive spread on disc surfaces. Thus, these two cement formulations may have potential for use in the clinical setting.
1 Introduction
G. Gonc¸alves (&) J. Gra´cio P. A. A. P. Marques (&) TEMA – NRD, Mechanical Engineering Department and Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology (AIN), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
M. Vallet-Regı´ Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
P. A. A. P. Marques e-mail: [email protected] M.-T. Portole´s C. Ramı´rez-Santilla´n Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain M. Vallet-Regı´ Departamento de Quı´mica Inorga´nica y Bioinorga´nica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
For more than 50 years, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement has been used to anchor total joint replacements (such as hip, knee, shoulder, and elbow implants) in the bone bed. The primary functions of bone cement are to stabilize the prosthesis and to transfer service loads from the implant to the bone, thereby ensuring the implant’s long-term stability [1]. The shortcomings of the cement are well-known, including the facts that it does not osseointegrate with the bone and the implant and is not bioactive [2–6]. In recent work, it has been shown that two carbon nanostructures, namely, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, play important roles in cell functionalities and enhancement of mechanical properties [7–15]. There are reports of incorporating graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) into PMMA bone cements [7, 16]. In particular, we have found that, in the case of PMMA bone cement that contains a high loading of hydroxyapatite
A. P. Serro Centro de Quı´mica Estrutural, Inst
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