Factors of variability in the accumulation of waste in a mountain region of southern Poland
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Factors of variability in the accumulation of waste in a mountain region of southern Poland Grzegorz Przydatek
&
Klaudia Ciągło
Received: 24 May 2019 / Accepted: 16 January 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The analysis of change factors in waste management in the period from 2012 to 2015 in three municipalities in a mountainous region of southern Poland exhibited strong differentiation. This was recognised based on multiple indicators of waste accumulation. Such differences were investigated between two periods, which highlighted the effect of changes in waste management primarily resulting from Directive 2008/98/EC. These changes relate to the development of selective waste collection based on eight types of waste. On this basis, an increase was observed in the amount of waste collected in the communities. Particular attention was paid to the community with the highest number of tourists, the waste accumulation rate (452.74 kg per capita) and the cost per year. An increase in the number of tourists is an important factor in terms of waste accumulation, and other factors made it possible to recognise the direction of the changes taking place in waste management. In terms of changes in waste accumulation, the implementation of the European Union law into the national law in the field of waste management is a significant factor.
Keywords Rate accumulation . Collection . Community . Waste management
G. Przydatek (*) : K. Ciągło Engineering Institute, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, Zamenhofa 1a St, 33-300 Nowy Sącz, Poland e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Waste can be categorised as hazardous or nonhazardous and inert. Non-hazardous waste includes kitchen waste, garden waste, paper and cardboard, textiles, metals and similar materials used in everyday life (Kawai and Tasaki 2016). Growth in terms of population, economy and the standard of living has contributed to by-products in the form of an increasing amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) (Akdag et al. 2016). Factors such as the socioeconomic status of the population of a given area, demographics and environmental awareness affect the quantity of MSW generated during a given year (Noori et al. 2009) and are caused by the rapid technological development and population growth experienced since the Industrial Revolution, resulting in an increase in the amount of generated waste (Adamcová and Vaverková 2016). Effective waste strategies depend on local solutions and social awareness. The accumulation of waste in the environment raises social awareness due to the issues it causes (Matsakas et al. 2017). Apart from negatively affecting the environment, the waste also constitutes economic, social and ecological issues and causes the destruction of the landscape. As a member state, Poland is obliged to maintain sustainable waste management by limiting the generated amount of waste and minimising the deposited MSW on the basis of Directive 2008/98/ EC (Gharfalkar et al. 2015). In this respect, to increase recycling, the country is re
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