First report of Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum on rice in Turkey
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First report of Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum on rice in Turkey Yeşim Eğerci1 · Pervin Kınay‑Teksür2 · Ayşe Uysal‑Morca3 Received: 13 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft 2020
Abstract The Bakanae disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi species complex is one of the major fungal diseases of rice. It is present in the major rice production areas in the world. In 2016, field surveys were conducted from rice germination to maturity. Four isolates of Fusarium proliferatum associated with Bakanae disease were obtained from infected rice plants and identified using morphological and molecular-based methods. Pathogenicity tests were carried on susceptible rice variety. Initially, pale green to yellowing of leaves and thinner plants were observed. Then, these plants turned brownish and died, while control plants showed no symptoms. All isolates were found to be pathogenic. The disease severity values ranged from 27 to 66%. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of F. proliferatum causing Bakanae disease on rice in Turkey. Keywords Rice · Bakanae disease · Fusarium proliferatum · Pathogenicity · Morphological characteristics · PCR
Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops and cultivated on over 167.249.103 ha (FAO 2019) in a wide range of locations and under a variety of climatic conditions in the world. It is a staple food with the proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Rice cultivation in Turkey continues to increase in recent years. It is cultivated on 130.000 ha, and total rice production is approximately 940,000 tons in Turkey. Average rough rice yield is 821.88 kg/da (FAO 2019). It is the most preferred consumption item in the nutrition of the Turkish society, and the average annual rice consumption per person is around 6–7 kg in Turkey. Crop losses occur in the rice production due to the damages caused by disease, pest and weeds, especially fungal diseases. The Bakanae disease, which is one of the major fungal diseases of rice, causes significant yield and crop losses of up to 50% (Ou 1985). The typical symptoms of Bakanae disease are seedling blight, root and crown
rot, pale green to yellowing of foliage, chlorotic leaves and abnormal elongation as the result of gibberellic acid production (Desjardins et al. 2000, Wulff et al. 2010). It is a seed-borne and complex disease caused by Fusarium species belonging to Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC). F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, F. sacchari, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides have been identified and reported as pathogens of Bakanae disease (Amoah et al. 1995; Zainudin et al. 2008). Recently, complaints from farmers about typical Bakanae disease symptoms have increased in Balıkesir and Canakkale rice growing areas, in Turkey. Bakanae disease of rice has already not been studied, and until now the presence and the pathogenicity of F. proliferatum on rice have been not reported in Turkey. To our knowledge, this is
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