How Changes in Functional Demands Associated with Captivity Affect the Skull Shape of a Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa )
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
How Changes in Functional Demands Associated with Captivity Affect the Skull Shape of a Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Dimitri Neaux1,2 · Barbara Blanc3 · Katia Ortiz3,4 · Yann Locatelli3,5 · Flavie Laurens6 · Isabelle Baly6 · Cécile Callou6 · François Lecompte7 · Raphaël Cornette4 · Gabriele Sansalone8,9,10 · Ashleigh Haruda11 · Renate Schafberg11 · Jean‑Denis Vigne1 · Vincent Debat4 · Anthony Herrel12 · Thomas Cucchi1 Received: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The process of animal domestication is a key evolutionary transition in human history, within which the control of wild populations is considered a crucial first step. Yet, phenotypic changes associated with animal captivity remain challenging to document. Here, we investigated the craniofacial changes in wild boar (Sus scrofa) associated with a lifetime of growth in captivity under conditions of controlled mobility and diet. Using three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we assessed cranial and mandibular size and shape differences between captive and wild-caught wild boar, their link with masticatory forces, and how these plastic changes relate to traits selected in domestic pigs. We observed shape divergence associated with greater masticatory forces in captive wild boar (e.g., wider zygomatic arches, more upright mandibular rami, and reduced gonial angle) corroborating the fundamental role of biomechanical loading and constructional constraints in the skull shape changes associated with captivity. Despite their resemblance with domestic traits, these localised plastic changes follow a different phenotypic trajectory, suggesting that they did not contribute to the setup of the craniofacial morphology of current domestic breeds. A parallel increase of masticatory force in captive wild boars and domestic pigs may explain this phenotypic convergence but needs to be further explored. Keywords Domestication · Pig · Cranium · Mandible · Phenotypic plasticity Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-020-09521-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Dimitri Neaux [email protected] * Thomas Cucchi [email protected] 1
Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CNRS, Paris, France
Laboratoire Paléontologie Evolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie, UMR 7262, Université de Poitiers CNRS, Poitiers, France
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Réserve Zoologique de la Haute Touche, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Obterre, France
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Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CNRS UPMC EPHE, Paris, France
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Unité Bases de Données sur la Biodiversité, Écologie, Environnement et Sociétés, UMS 3468, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
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Plateforme Chirurgie et Imagerie pour la R
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