Human WAT
Human adipose tissue (like murine fat; see Plate 4.1), fresh or fixed, can be observed at light microscopy before further processing (embedding). In this plate two examples are shown. In the upper plate visceral fat from the neck (peri-carotid fat) is sho
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Human WAT
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2018 S. Cinti, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and the Adipose Organ, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40522-3_5
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Human WAT
5.1 PLATE 5.1
Human WAT
Human adipose tissue (like murine fat; see Plate 4.1), fresh or fixed, can be observed at light microscopy before further processing (embedding). In this plate two examples are shown. In the upper plate visceral fat from the neck (peri-carotid fat) is shown. Note the extremely regular size of the cells without any artifact due to the embedding procedure. The size of adipocytes in fresh samples is about 20–30% larger than that measured in sections of tissue routinely processed for light microscopy also for human fat. In the bottom panel a lobule of subcutaneous fat sampled from a lean patient is shown. The red areas are due to vascular structures filled with erythrocytes.
Suggested Reading Englhardt A, et al. Size, lipid and enzyme content of isolated human adipocytes in relation to nutritional state. Diabetologia. 7:51–8, 1971. Chumlea WC, et al. Size and number of adipocytes and measures of body fat in boys and girls 10 to 18 years of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 34:1791–7, 1981. Engfeldt P, Arner P. Lipolysis in human adipocytes, effects of cell size, age and of regional differences. Horm Metab Res Suppl. 19:26–9, 1988. Jernås M, et al. Separation of human adipocytes by size: hypertrophic fat cells display distinct gene expression. FASEB J. 20:1540–2, 2006. Tchoukalova YD, et al. Subcutaneous adipocyte size and body fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr. 87:56–63, 2008. Soula HA, et al. Modelling adipocytes size distribution. J Theor Biol. 332:89–95, 2013. Parlee SD, et al. Quantifying size and number of adipocytes in adipose tissue. Methods Enzymol. 537:93–122, 2014. Dankel SN, et al. COL6A3 expression in adipocytes associates with insulin resistance and depends on PPARγ and adipocyte size. Obesity. 22:1807–13, 2014. Fang L, et al. The cell size and distribution of adipocytes from subcutaneous and visceral fat is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Adipocyte. 4:273–9, 2015.
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Pre-embedded WAT
80 µm
80 µm
Plate 5.1 Human fresh pre-embedded WAT from deep cervical perithyroid area (visceral fat of the root of the neck) of a 54-year-old lean female subject (upper panel). Human fresh abdominal subcutaneous WAT of a 60-year-old lean female subject
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Human WAT
PLATE 5.2
The skin and the subcutaneous fat form a variable thickness membrane that wraps around the human body. Under the skin, fat is organized into lobules of variable size and shape (see Chap. 13 for their fetal development). In this plate an example of human abdominal skin and its subcutaneous fat is shown. Note the connective capsule surrounding each fat lobule. The capsule is visually evident in fresh pre-embedded tissue (upper left panel: one lobule indicated by arrows) and also visualized after xylol clarification during the routine procedure for standard histology by paraffin embedding (upper right panel: one lobule indicated
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