Indoor concentrations of PM 2.5 and associated water-soluble and labile heavy metal fractions in workplaces: implication
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AIR POLLUTION: CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH RISKS
Indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and associated water-soluble and labile heavy metal fractions in workplaces: implications for inhalation health risk assessment Efthalia Kogianni 1
&
Athanasios Kouras 1 & Constantini Samara 1
Received: 24 September 2019 / Accepted: 29 December 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract PM2.5 (i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) and the associated water-soluble, dissolved, and labile fractions of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cr, and Cd) were determined in indoor air of twenty workplaces in Alexandroupolis (Northeastern Greece). PM2.5 concentrations exhibited significant variance across the workplaces ranging from 11.5 μg m−3 up to 276 μg m−3. The water-soluble metal concentrations varied between 0.67 ± 2.52 ng m−3 for Co and 27.8 ± 19.1 ng m−3 for Ni exhibiting large variations among the different workplaces. The water-soluble metal fractions were further treated to obtain the labile metal fraction (by binding with Chelex 100–chelating resin) that might represent a higher potential for bioaccessibility than the total water-soluble fraction. The largest labile (chelexed) fractions (48–67% of the corresponding watersoluble concentrations) were found for Cd, Mn, Cu, and Ni, while the labile fractions of Pb, Cr, Co, and Zn were relatively lower (34–42% of the corresponding water-soluble concentrations). Water-soluble and labile concentrations of heavy metals were further used to calculate cancer and non-cancer risks via inhalation of the PM2.5-bound metals. To our knowledge, this is the first study estimating the health risks due to the inhalation of water-soluble and labile metal fractions bound to indoor PM. Keywords PM2.5 . Indoor air . Workplaces . Water-soluble metal fraction . Labile metal fraction . Bioaccessibility . Risk assessment
Introduction Taking into account that people in modern society spend most of their time in indoor environments (Amoatey et al. 2018; Simoni et al. 2003; Szigeti et al. 2014), indoor air pollution Responsible editor: Gerhard Lammel Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07584-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Efthalia Kogianni [email protected] Athanasios Kouras [email protected] Constantini Samara [email protected] 1
Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
has become one of the biggest threats for public health in most of the places all over the world. Many diseases, like cardiorespiratory problems and pulmonary or lung cancer, are connected to inhalation of indoor air pollutants, whereas longterm exposure to them can also cause mortalities (Pope III et al. 2004; Amoatey et al. 2018). A great majority of those pollutants contribute to such negative effects on humans’ health due their particulate nature, especially when the diam
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